Abstract This paper discusses fascism. The paper looks at fascism's nature and its relationship to conservatives in interwar Austria. It specifically looks at the period between World War I and World War II. The paper focuses on Italian and German power at the time and the grim choice that Austria found itself faced with - of succumbing to Italian or to German rule.
From the Paper "In Austria, a strong fascist party rose, although it could not get control of the government. Austria was unique in Europe in lacking a strong nationalistic element. It had been stripped of its empire in the Great War. (Woolf 4) The resulting nation, a shadow of its former self, was politically divided between socialist Vienna and the surrounding provinces which were traditionally conservative and terrified in their antisocialism. (Carsten 223) The fascists formed the Heimwehr (local defense force) as a vehicle to address these fears in the Stryia province. Drawing on a strong feeling of localism against any internationalism, the Heimwehr formed working alliances with the leading mining corporation, under which all workers had to have a membership card, which the Heimwehr would issue only to those who renounced socialist unions. Further, the Heimwehr used thugs to break up strikes, to the delight of the authoritarian conservative provincial governments. (Woolf 7)"
Abstract This paper states that the long-term effects of sustained unemployment can destroy a nation's economic and social fabric by having a negative psychological impact, reducing aggregate demand and decreasing business activity. The paper discusses that, in addition to high immigration, Germany and Austria have internal flawed economic and monetary policies and lack proper vocational education. The author believes that both countries are taking steps to improve their employment situation.
From the Paper "Unemployment is a major issue in all European countries with Germany topping other nations with an unemployment rate reaching 12.2 percent in 1997. Though the country has now taken some effective measures to curb the rising trend in unemployment, it has suffered enormously on account of its joblessness in the past few years. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was found that Federal Republic of Germany could boast of success during good conditions but would collapse under unfavorable economic pressures. This proved to be true when in 1995, country's unemployed population began to rise unexpectedly and sharply."
Abstract This paper defines the strengths and weaknesses found in the alliance of the governments of Austria and Hungary prior to the First World War. The author shows that while the strengths found within this unification were unique and powerful, the weaknesses found within the political, economic, and social areas of this alliance proved to eventually destroy the Empire.
Abstract This paper explains how the Anschluss, or the annexation of Austria to Germany, was one of the most important events in World War II. The author believes that had Hitler not taken over Austria, he would not have been able to gain as much power and domination over Europe as Austria provided the Nazis with land, people and natural resources. Annotated bibliography.
From the Paper "Austria's land was a major advantage to the Nazi?s. Though the country is not enormous in size, it's 83,858 kilometers gave Hitler land that he did not have before.(Steeb 1999, pg 2) The country, about the size of Maine made up for Germany's insignificant amount of land. The two countries together could make a much bigger empire then if they were not joined. With more land, the Nazis could take more power over Europe and expand out to other countries as well. "
Abstract This paper presents a brief account of Austria's history, geography, and political structure, and then goes on to describe in greater detail its economy. The paper talks about Austria's GDP, its labor force, its currency, and several other factors relevant to the economy.
From the Paper "Although Austria is a small European country in terms of GDP, area and population, it has received a remarkable growth record since the end of World War II, even when conditions were not especially favourable. Austria achieved this exemplary record of growth by concentrating on manufacturing products of the second industrial revolution, such as machine tools, chemicals, and other producer goods, and exporting them mostly to Western European countries, and especially to Germany."
Abstract The paper explores the movements of Pan-Germanism, the Linzer Programm, the Deutsche Verband and the beliefs of nationalists and the fringe philosophers of post-Empire Vienna. The paper then discusses their influence on Adolf Hitler and the subsequent founding of the Nazi Party. The paper therefore shows how the philosophical, cultural and historical underpinnings of the Austrian Pan-Germanist movement are important precedents to the subsequent rise of Nazism, the Anschluss and the Holocaust.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Underpinnings in Austria Rise of Nationalistic and Linguistic Minorities
Liberalism's Flower and the Conservative Backlash
Conservative Ascendancy in Austria The Linzer Programm
Sources of Anti-Semitism
Influence on Adolf Hitler and the Founding of the Nazi Party
Conclusion
From the Paper "Austria's empire had been under substantial pressure for several decades prior the decision to split Austria and Hungary into a dual monarchy in 1867 (Burant 1989). The Austrians lost significant land and sovereignty to the French in 1806, which represents the time when the decline of the Habsburg Empire would begin. The period from 1806 to 1859 was marked by a gradual reduction in power and influence by the Habsburgs over the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. During this same period, the German principalities and kingdoms were combining in ways that would assure their future industrial success, most notably with the German Customs Union of the 1840's, and the eventual combination of German regions to form the modern nation in 1861."
Abstract This paper examines the part the Balkans had to play in the outbreak of World War I. It argues that whilst Russia, Serbia and Austria all viewed hostilities as local to the area, Germany deliberately exploited the situation to create European war.
From the Paper ?The racial struggle cannot be avoided ? perhaps it will not take place now, but it will probably take place in one or two years.? Kaiser Wilhelm II, 10 December, 1912 That the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand provided the spark for World War One there can be little doubt. However, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and many of his generals, cabinet and advisors, had been looking for an excuse to instigate European war, and more specifically the Schlieffen Plan, before Russia's military power grew to rival that of Germany?s."
Tags: archduke, austria, europe, germany, russia, schlieffen, serbia, war, wilhelm, wwi, world, war, i
Abstract This paper presents various explanations why the First World War began, what were its primary causes, and concentrates particularly on the significance of the rising imperialism during the 19th century, most especially among the European nations (Germany, Great Britain, and Austria- Hungary).
From the Paper "The First World War was the first-ever war that had brought great destruction and required greater involvement of many countries, most especially the European nations. Evidence of the impending world war started during the early 19th century, wherein colonization and strengthening of military power is the most prevalent activity of all European nations at that time. The World War I was said to have many causes, although the most important and more popular cause discussed by historians today is that the First World War started because of the rising imperialism among competing European nations. The war had two competing groups, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance was composed of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy, while the Triple Entente was made up of Great Britain, France, and Russia. These groups were not originally formed as a triad; rather, each nation became affiliated with each other before and during the course of the war. One of the earliest alliances that were formed (prior to the First World War) is the pact between Germany and Austria- Hungary against Russia in 1879, which is then called the Dual Alliance (Spartacus Educational 2002). The other alliances (that of the Triple Entente, in particular) were formed upon the declaration of the war. The other nations that participated in the war, like Japan and the US, only participated when the war is already escalating. Prior to the First World War, there is already tension between these countries (comprising the Triple Alliance and Entente) because of succeeding events (pre-1914 events) that became the primary reasons for the war to inevitably begin."
Reviews the history & role of religion in Austria. Examines the rise of Catholicism from Charlemagne through contemporary times & discusses the changing role of the Catholic church in public affairs.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, 1994, $ 39.95
From the Paper "Religion in Austria
Introduction
Although most of the nations of Europe contain members of many different religions and sects, some of them are dominated by one sort of religious practice. In many instances, the religion of the country has been a central element in the development of that country, and in the unfolding of its history.
In the case of Austria, that has clearly been the situation. Austria is now, and was during the time of the Habsburgs, a Roman Catholic country. Roman Catholicism has influenced its development until the modern era, and even beyond.
The Early History
While Austria had an early history of exposure to Christianity.."
From the Paper "This research paper examines Austria-Hungary's degree of responsibility for the outbreak of World War I. Its thesis is that actions taken by Austria-Hungary to deal with Serbian nationalism in the decade preceding, and in the five weeks following, the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 set in motion a series of events which led to World War I. However, a number of other nations, Serbia, Germany and Russia, and, to a lesser extent, France and Great Britain, played important roles in causing that war. The origins of the war lay in the mistaken judgements of many key European statesmen and in the breakdown of the balance of power system in Europe during the decades immediately preceding 1914."
Abstract This paper discusses that strategic analysis is the first step in shaping the current scenario of a company and determining the potential opportunities and risks facing an organization. The author points out that SWOT analysis assists organizations like BMW in reducing threats that are posed by the market and reaping maximum benefits from the opportunities offered by the external environment. The paper stress that BMW in Austria must take into account the high pay scale the demanded by their Austrian employees.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Economic Constituent
Social Constituent
Political Constituent
Legal Constituent
Technology Constituent
Current Economic Environment
Current Social/Demographic/Geographic Environment
Government/Legal/Regulatory Environment
Technological Environment
From the Paper "In terms of geographic environment, holding major investments in Austria pave leeways for a few opportunities as well as external threats facing BMW in the current market scenario. Since the social values of the Austrian workforce are remarkable and their work ethics highly refined, the business of BMW in Austria can reap benefits from the same Moreover, with only General Motors Corporation working in Austria, BMW is expected to have an edge over its other competitors other than General Motors. Even considering competition issues facing BMW with the existence of General Motors Corporation, the following chart below can assist us in analyzing the current opportunities that the Austrian market offers BMW Group of industries."
Abstract This paper explores how the quest for nationalism and the nationalist ideology promoted the development of specific forms of government and public policy in both Prussia and Austria during the 19th Century.
Abstract This paper explores the different reactions to nationalism by the two German states of Prussia and Austria and how they emerged as a united Germany.
Abstract A discussion of the conflict between Islam and the West, including the Battle of Lepanto against Spain, the Siege of Vienna against Austria and Poland, and the Battle of Constantinople in 1483. It explains how these three battles were significant in world history for a number of reasons; had their outcomes been different, the face of the world could have been very different today.
From the Paper "The Muslim nation has always been made up of warriors, unafraid to do battle with those outside their faith. Writer John L. Esposito says their culture combines "a warrior culture with an Islamic tradition that believed in Islam's universal mission and sacred struggle (jihad), to establish themselves as worldwide propagators and defenders of Islam" (Espisito 61). Because of this long tradition, Muslims have fought in numerous battles throughout their extensive history, including such decisive battles as the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Siege of Vienna in 1683, and the Battle of Constantinople in 1483. These battles were all significant for a number of reasons, and they are still important today in the interpretation of Muslim influence and history around the world."
Abstract This paper reviews this book which creates a new focus on refugee studies, especially in the context of the former Yugoslavia and Austria, which were badly hit by a sudden inflow of people affected by the conflicts in the Balkans. It highlights the shortcomings of existent approaches towards refugees and provides a sense of direction for the future European policies dealing with asylum seekers in order to avoid mistakes of the past.
From the Paper "The Western world has been addressing the issues of settlement facilitation and integration of a growing number of refugees for some time now. These policies have, to some considerable degree, been associated with ambiguity, complexity and contention. As a matter of principle, the refugee as a category implies the right to special protection, including a possibility of social integration. In practice, however, integration is assessed in accordance with the situation in receiving country and compatibility of refugees' and local cultures. Thus it takes the willingness of both groups to adjust."
