Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the Attica Prison Riot that took place on September 9, 1971 at the Attica Correction Facility in Attica, New York. The writer notes that the riot lasted four days and ended when 1,500 State Police and National Guardsmen reclaimed the facility leaving 42 dead with ten of those being hostages. The writer examines what took place at the facility and looks at the negotiations that took place. Further, the writer discusses what ultimately was changed following the riot.
From the Paper "There are many accounts of why the prisoners revolted that day in September, some accounts say that it was racial, some state that the prisoners were treated inhumanely by being abused by prison guards and others blame the uprising on inadequate medical treatment for the prisoners but by most accounts it was all of the above rolled up into one.
"The Attica Correctional Facility was designed to hold 1,200 inmates but at the time of the riots, the prison was well beyond capacity with 2,225 inmates residing there. Among the 2,225 inmates, 52% were African American, 13% were of Puerto Rican decent and the remaining 35% were white. There were 383 Corrections Officers employed at the time of the uprising with all but one officer being white. The one officer that was claimed by the prison to be of Puerto Rican decent could not be located after or during the riot."
Abstract This paper examines what lead to the famous riots in Attica prison in 1971. It explains the social and political climate in the country at the time and the events which lead up to the rebellion in September of that year. The paper also examines what was achieved through the riots and analyzes the events from a philosophical point of view.
From the Paper "Robinson believes that the riots began in part because of conditions and treatment of prisoners, but the catalyst was the murder of Black Panther leader George Jackson. While he was incarcerated at San Quentin, George Jackson allegedly pulled a gun from under a wig he was wearing, opened the cell doors to twenty-six cells, and caused a shootout where two other inmates, three guards and George Jackson died. As a result, the majority of the inmates refused to eat in the mess hall. Authorities stated that Jackson died in an attempt to escape. Inmates across the nation rebelled because they believed he was murdered."
Abstract This paper provides a historical account of the ancient Greek city-state of Athens. Its development from being a minor city in the small section of Greece known as Attica, to becoming one of the most important cities in the world, is portrayed. The paper examines the contributions made by Ancient Athens to modern society and government. Athens' success in the Persian wars is outlined. The paper illlustrates the city flourishing into an empire and analyzes her subsequent downfall in the Peloponnesian wars.
Introduction
Early Period
The Persian Wars
The Golden Age
The Peloponnesian Wars
Aftermath
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The city-state of Athens was settled by the Ionian Greeks and was mentioned in the Iliad. It was however, a minor city. About 700 B.C., it started to become more important as it became a key trading center. A rudimentary democracy was also taking hold. Athens was the leading combatant in the Persian Wars, after which she formed an alliance that grew into a maritime empire. During this period, Greece in general and Athens in particular, enjoyed a golden age. Eventually, Athens? growing power brought it into conflict with Sparta, the other dominant city-state. The result was a series of wars known as the Peloponnesian Wars, which ruined Athens and led to her decline as a major power. Later, the city was dominated by Macedonia and then incorporated into the Roman province of Greece. But, for a time, Athens was one of the most important cities in the world and was the originator of many of our current concepts of government."
Abstract Correction officers face many job demands that create tension in the workplace and in other areas of their lives. Stress stems from many sources, including the constant threat of physical violence, and tensions with co-workers. This paper explores sources of job stress and various methods for combating job stress among corrections officers. It supports the thesis that physical exercise plays a major role in the reduction of stress among correction officers in the Attica Prison in New York. It also suggests steps that can be taken to increase physical activity and reduce stress among corrections at this facility.
Outline:
Benefits to the Facility
Impact of Stress on Correction Officers
Sources of Stress for Correction Officers
A Review of Current Stress Management Strategies
Critical Incident Stress Management Team
Stress Reduction and Exercise
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "A comparison of various programs across the United States revealed that in most cases, these services are provided in-house. Only a small number contract these services from outside the facility (Finn, 2000). New York State has a Stress Debriefing Team which consists of officer peers available to law enforcement and correction officers that experience a critical incident (Finn, 2000). This program includes debriefing by peers for the officer and referral to EAP in some cases (Finn, 2000). The program is available to family members and civilians that are close to the situation. No budget is provided for this program. Officers staff it themselves on a voluntary basis. "
Abstract This paper discusses the development of Theseus and his myth which resulted in his becoming a founder-hero, credited with uniting the tribes of Attica to form the Athenian polis. The writer explains how the story of Theseus grew and was modified as the city he represented grew and was re-created after Athens' own ideals and in her own image. Plutarch's "Life of Theseus" already shows developments and additions as it relates variants, some conflicting, of some of Theseus' actions. Many of these changes attempt to explain certain less than heroic actions by Theseus, and others are aimed at representing Theseus as the Heracles of Attica. The writer concludes that the incorporation of Theseus in recent novels shows that the myth still posses qualities that are of interest to modern society.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most well-known and recognized adventure or deed of Theseus was his battle with the Cretan Minotaur. This event is also shown to have been added to, changed and developed as different writers have told their own story and present us with a number of different variants. Plutarch presents us first with the view in which he says "most writers agree on" . This was that tribute was given from the Athenians to the Cretans; in this the Athenians were to give seven youths and seven maidens every nine years . Without going into any great detail, Plutarch notes here that the "most dramatic" of the stories declare that these youths and maidens were destroyed by the Minotaur, which lived inside a labyrinth."
Abstract This paper presents a description of the Red Figure Amphora, dating back to 440-430 B.C. The author examines the mythological paintings and carvings depicted on the amphora, and includes information provided by the legend displayed next to the artwork in the museum. The essay also analyzes the various techniques used in drawing, painting and carving, and goes into great detail about the Greek mythological story of the goddess Demeter and her daughter, Persephone, the subject of the artwork. The paper includes pictures of the amphora.
From the Paper "The Eleusinian Mysteries, held annually in honor of Demeter and Persephone, were the most sacred and revered of all the ritual celebrations of ancient Greece . They were instituted in the city of Eleusis , some twenty-two kilometers west of Athens , possibly as far back as the early Mycenaean period, and continued for almost two thousand years. Large crowds of worshippers from all over Greece (and later, from throughout the Roman Empire ) would gather to make the holy pilgrimage between the two cities and participate in the secret ceremonies, generally regarded as the high point of Greek religion. As Christianity began to spread, the Mysteries were condemned by the early Church fathers; yet the rites continued for hundreds of years more and exercised considerable influence on the formation of early Christian teachings and practices."
From the Paper " The Attica prison riot took place in September, 1971 at the Attica Correctional Facility near Buffalo, New York and lasted four days. It ended when 1,500 State Police and National Guardsmen stormed the complex, leaving 42 people dead, including 10 hostages ("Attica Prison Riot"). At the end of the riot, there were conflicting calls for tougher prisons on the one hand, and for prison reform to correct the abuses that had contributed to the riot on the other. In the immediate aftermath of the riot, a number of reforms were instituted. However, in the years since, politicians and administrators have responded to calls to be tougher on crime by incarcerating many more people, thus overcrowding many facilities; reducing any service that might be seen as "coddling" prisoners; reducing or eliminating prison education programs; and generally creating a.."
From the Paper " How Riots in Prison Can Be Prevented and Controlled
An analysis of the three most notorious riots in the US shows differences in the revolts but also reveals significant similarities in the conditions that helped triggered the riots.
This could help control and perhaps prevent riots in the future. Prison riots involve a seizure of control, violence, and inmate demands for changes in the prison. Since the first prison riot in the United States in 1774, some 300 prison riots have been reported in this country in the past two centuries (Fox, 1972). Not surprisingly, prison inmates stage disturbances and riots and take hostages to air grievances. These disturbances and riots often erupt as acts of desperation among inmate leaders who have come to believe that it is a last resort to get a hearing from prison officials, policy makers, and the public about unfair.."
A review of the Roman empire and a discussion as to why Rome, which began as a city-state, was so much more successful than Athens in creating and maintaining an empire.
Abstract This paper describes the structure of the Roman empire during the time period known as the principate. The paper reviews how the Romans governed their provinces, what methods were used to secure and protect them, the taxation policies, ways in which Roman ideology and values were impressed upon subjugated peoples, and how the Romans exploited the natural and human resources of their conquests.
Outline:
Introduction
The Principate
Rome over Athens?
From the Paper "The Romans imposed their ideology and value system upon conquered peoples through a long process of assimilation that generally took many years, if not several generations. The assimilation naturally begins with the conquest of a nation or territory by the Legions. In the fighting, many native warriors are killed, particularly any leaders or nobility that opposed the Romans. After the conquest, Rome appointed governors to rule the territory that were amicable to Roman rule, and often were native leaders that welcomed Roman influence in their homelands (usually for personal gain). Roman soldiers would settle in the new province, furthering the assimilation process by interbreeding with the native peoples. Roman temples were built to replace domestic religious sites. Young warriors would join the Roman army, which would serve to indoctrinate them into Roman culture and ways, including the use of Latin as a language- one of the rewards of military service was full Roman citizenship. Over the years, these factors would slowly change the native cultures until almost no vestiges of the original culture remained, and the people were living by Roman laws and customs. This assimilation process came to be known as "Romanization." [3]"
