Abstract This paper investigates the initial reaction of the Japanese government and press to the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagaskai. According to the paper, the average Japanese who survived the attacks, suffered with survivor's guilt. The paper also contains a review of the Japanese literature, art and films on the atomic bombings, as well as the peace movement started in the aftermath of the war.
Outline:
Perspective of the Japanese Government and the Local Press
Perspective from the Ground
Suppressed Feelings During the American Occupation
Divine Providence
Feelings of Guilt
Focus of Anger
The Hibakusha Literature and Pacifist Movement
Conclusion
From the Paper "Nevertheless, a minority of the hibakusha did express feelings of hostility towards the people who were responsible for their suffering. There was a certain amount of resentment toward the pilots who dropped the bomb or toward "the Americans" in general. It has also been reported that there was a good deal of general antagonism among the Japanese public towards "foreigners" or Westerners right after the bombs fell. (Lifton 52) Such feelings, however, did not last for long or were not as intense as would have been expected. Some of the anger of the survivors was also directed toward Japanese military and civilian authorities for having deceived the public about the real state of the war and having ultimately brought them to ruin; for not having prevented the bombing or adequately preparing the population for a nuclear attack, and most of all--for failing to provide adequate help to the victims of the bombing. Some of the people even reserved their ire for the Japanese scientists and physicians for not having developed adequate techniques for fighting the effects of the bomb. There was even resentment on the part of those severely injured toward those who were not (Ibid.)."
Abstract This paper examines nuclear technology development including a history that starts with Atoms for Peace in the 1950's. The author proceeds to review the newest applications being researched and developed today. The paper includes programs such as JET, ITER, MASK and AGR.
From the Paper "Nuclear technology development began with American internationalism and industrial preeminence shaped by the Manhattan Project, the ensuing Cold War and the Atoms for Peace programs of the fifties and sixties."
Tags: nuclear technology development, Atoms for Peace, AGR, fission, fusion, JET, tokamak, Los Alamos, AFCI, nuclear reactors, Gen III, Gen IV, TRAC/RELAP, TRACE, NERI, hairy ball theory, NGNP, LFR, GFR, Brayton cycle, ITER, MAST, GIF, NHI
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
Abstract This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper "We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
Tags: Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention
Abstract The paper explains Bertrand Russel's theory of atomism, which emphasizes logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The paper describes how Russel explains the structure of the external world and discusses how pluralism, rather than monism, is the logical force behind the philosophy. The paper also looks at the many arguments against Russell's theory of logical atomism.
Outline:
Introduction
The Structure of the World
Russell's Logical Atomism Logical Atomism - Realistically Logical?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Bertrand Russell, author of the theory of atomism, was a philosopher whose emphasis was primarily on logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The traditional philosophical problem of the external world, which is based on the fact that external qualities can only be drawn inferentially, was explained by Russell (1910) as a distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description" (Irvine, 2003). Russell's 1918 work on logical atomism was based on the argument that the world is comprised of logical atoms, which he described as "little patches of colour", and their properties (ibid). Together these properties, according to Russell, form the atomic facts which are thus combined to create logically complex objects. Therefore what is normally explained as inferred entities, such as enduring physical objects, are actually logical constructions created from immediate entities of sensation, which Russell identified as "sensibilia" (ibid)."
Abstract The paper gives a brief insight into atoms from the beginning of recognition of their existence by the ancient Greeks, to the ability today to create man-made ones. It discusses the chemical composition of atoms and how scientists can now predict their behavior with great accuracy.
From the Paper "According to existing theories and experimental results, the Big Bang took place about 12,000-15,000 million years ago. Within the first three minutes of the existence of the Universe, the light elements originated. Atoms came along after about 300,000 years and the stars and galaxies originated during the first million years. However, it took a while for humans to recognize atoms, although they were right before their eyes."
Tags: protons, electrons, neutrons, quantum, physics, nucleus, atomic, number
Abstract This paper suggests that the development of the atomic bomb is arguably the most important technical innovation of the twentieth century. The author explains the technical achievement of the atomic bomb. The paper examines some of its socio-cultural effects, namely creating a world in which the end of all human civilization became a real possibility.
From the Paper "There will be no argument that the 20th century had been characterized by incredible technical innovation and invention. Perhaps more so than any century previously, the 20th century was a particularly ripe period for technology. At a rapidly accelerating pace, it seemed that inventors were creating new technologies that were important - and seemingly indispensable - the world over. However, there was one specific technological development during the 20th century whose development should be understood as more important and influential than the rest."
Abstract This paper describes the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The writer gives statistics in order to highlight the devastation. Also included is an eye-witnesses' testimony. The paper concludes by posing moral questions about the bombing of innocent civilians.
From the Paper "It was on August 6th, in the year 1945, at 8.15 AM, Japanese time, that the United States of America dropped its first ever atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, so that its usefulness to the enemy could be completely destroyed. According to the then President of the United States, the bomb "...had more power than 20,000 tones of TNT ", and it was also infinitely more powerful than the blast power that the British Grand Slam, purportedly the largest bomb in the history of the world, had. The immediate and direct consequence of the bomb was that more than four square miles of the entire city of Hiroshima were completely and irrevocably destroyed, 66,000 people were killed instantaneously, and 69,000 more were seriously injured. Three days later, another atomic bomb, equally powerful, was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, and this bomb managed to destroy about 1.5 square miles of the city, and kill about 39,000 people, while injuring 25,000 more. The very next day, the Japanese government asked to surrender, under the 'Potsdam Declaration'. "
Tags: World, War, II, atomic, bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan, surrender
Abstract This essay looks at people who have turned trauma and pain into a positive experience. It discusses the work of Mairead Corrigan Maguire who organised peaceful demonstrations in N.Ireland, wrote poetry that inspired millions and through her efforts to develop a "politics of mercy and forgiveness," won a Nobel Peace prize. The author goes on to discuss the wording of Martin Jordan's poem "The changes in our lives".
From the paper:
" Everyone wants peace in his or her everyday live. Sometimes peace is hard to come by for some people. However, Some individuals react to their pain in a positive way. For example, Irish writers Mairead Maguire and Martin Jordan write poetry about peace due the tragedies for the world and in their lives. So, in Misread Maguire's ?The Vision of Peace? and Martin Jordan's "the changes in our lives" the main goal is to remind everyone that there should be peace all over of the world despite all of the pain we encounter."
Abstract This paper discusses obnoxious negative peace and substantive positive peace. These terms are found in a letter by Martin Luther King, Jr. expressing his opinion on direct action. Martin Luther King believed it was important to fight for substantive and positive peace for African Americans and it is important for Americans to continue to fight the battle for substantive and positive peace not only in America but throughout the world.
From the Paper "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" (King 1963). What does this quotation mean? What is the difference obnoxious negative peace and substantive and positive peace? Why are these important today? These were important terms for Martin Luther King and they are important terms today. Martin Luther King believed that whatever affects one person actually affects every one else (King 1963). Many people living during the lifetime of Martin Luther King was willing to close their eyes to the violence and terrorism happening to African Americans. They believed that African Americans were wrong in taking a stand toward wanting their independence. Martin Luther King believed it was important to fight for substantive and positive peace for African Americans and it is important for Americans to continue to fight the battle for substantive and positive peace not only in America but throughout the world."
Abstract Woodrow Wilson did not possess the will to maintain peace after the Great War. The writer asserts that there were three ways in which Wilson contributed to the build-up of tensions before WWII. First was Wilson's failure in responding to the members of the Peace Accords in relation to the redrawing of German boundaries; his influence in tearing away predominantly German areas resulted in the planting of seeds for future war. The second reason that Wilson could not maintain peace was his inability to remove himself from partisan politics in America. The third reason was in relation to Wilson's "Fourteen Points", more specifically, the point of ?self-determination.? Close examination of these three points shows why Wilson is partly responsible for WWII.
From the Paper "The Great War was a war of attrition. Many brave men on all both sides of the conflict, Axis and Allied Powers, met their fate fighting for their homelands during the years of 1914-1918. Never before had the world seen such a horrid war fought in the grand scope and magnitude of nations versus nations. Great sacrifices were made in part to the loss of human life through mechanization of artillery to the inception of chemical warfare. (Would such a tragic lesson be reason enough for peace among sovereigns?) Unfortunately, the peace was not afforded to the constituents of the Paris conference, nor those that threw away their lives in the second war that shortly followed in 1939. While there were many causes for the Second World War, it would be a herculean effort to name and attribute them all. A few of the major causes included the onset of war reparations since repayment would be next to impossible for the Germans to meet in the allotted time. Secondly were the sanctions imposed upon the size of the German military which was considered a measure of further alienation, and thirdly were territorial settlement disputes. All three factors were great causes that angered the Nazis to disregard the Peace Accords in the early 1930's with Hitler's rise to power."
Abstract This paper examines how, after more than a quarter-century after the end of American military involvement in Vietnam, the Vietnam War remains a great unsettled question in American public life. It focuses in particular on the peace negotiations that eventually bought the war to an end when agreement was finally reached, in 1973, in the form of the Paris Peace Accords. It analyzes how the United States in effect accepted formal victory with the likelihood of deferred defeat, while North Vietnam accepted formal defeat with the likelihood of deferred victory.
Outline
Looking For a Way Out
The Options
Early Negotiation Efforts
From Johnson to Nixon
Endgame
From the Paper "Thus, in the case of Vietnam, when the United States signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, it did so in the face of two alternative options that resembled each other only in being undesirable. One option was continuing direct American military involvement for the foreseeable future; the other was withdrawal of American forces without negotiations. The first entailed an indefinite continuation of American combat casualties and consequent (and probably growing) domestic unrest and political dissension. The second implied the probable near-immediate collapse of South Vietnam (as well as possible abandonment of American prisoners of war), with its own set of international and domestic consequences."
Abstract This paper explains that Leo Tolstoy, in his novel, "War and Peace", emphasizes the underlying theme of freedom through the character of Pierre. Specifically, the paper points out that Tolstoy illustrates through Pierre how people come to discover the truth of life through experience. The paper concludes that Pierre discovers that, while peace, freedom and happiness are attainable, they are not always easy to get.
From the Paper "Another aspect of Pierre's life that illustrates his transformation form war to peace with his own internal war that coincides with the actual around him. Pierre looses his grip on reality and begins to drink. In this way, we can see how his life has entered into a "war" phase. He not only witnesses a physical war, he undergoes a mental one as well. He looses faith in mankind and is on a downward spiral. He drinks to escape his mental oppression. His mental state worsens as he becomes convinced that he must assassinate Napoleon."
Abstract A very thorough book review of "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy.The paper is divided into 2 sections. The first section provides a summary of the book and the second provides the writer's opinion. The writer feels that the book provided such a feeling of satisfaction upon completion that it is recommended to all.
From the Paper "The story of French, Russian, and Austrian History all condensed, starting in 1805, is what this novel is about. It starts out at a soir?e hosted by a woman named Anna Pavlona, who is the confidante to the empress, Marya Fyodorovna. She enjoys throwing parties for Russia's "top dogs". Factually, Russia's most influential people are attending this soir"e, and this is essentially where all the main characters are introduced. Lastly, there is Nikolai Ilych Rostov, who gets married and eventually becomes a farmer. Also in attendance is Natasha, a woman of extreme beauty and intelligence. Princess Marya is also contributing to the soir"e. And a man named Pierre, who goes many different ways before he reaches what he has been looking for."
Abstract This essay analyzes African author, Chinua Achebe's short story "Civil Peace," The paper specifically interprets the symbolism of the bicycle and the protagonist, Jonathan Iwegbu, as well as his demeanor in the wake of the war.
Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the democratic peace theory. It contends that in modern times there is no unambiguous case of a war between democratic states, even in situations where great-power rivalry was to be expected.
From the Paper "Since the end of the Cold War a good deal of attention has been given to the so-called DPT or democratic peace theory. This theory proposes that states with democratic political ..."
Tags: democratic, peace, international, relations, war, realist, theory
