Abstract This paper evaluates the factors that led to the rise of the Atlantic World towards the end of the second half of the seventeenth century. It will mainly focus on the economic prosperity of the Atlantic World and include some elements of the Industrial Revolution.
Abstract The paper explores the historical uncertainty and explains that despite this, researchers and historians have grasped upon incomplete and historically narrow bits of evidence to support claims of the demographic effect (or lack thereof) of the Atlantic slave trade. This essay examines some of the difficulties associated with the demographic study of the Atlantic slave trade.
From the Paper "Despite being centuries old, much controversy still surrounds the study of the Atlantic slave trade. The trade occurred between the mid 15th century and the late 19th century (Manning 835). During this period, large numbers of Africans were imported to other parts of the world, particularly the Americas, where they served as a slave labor force in the plantation economies of the region. While study of this period seems to be a straightforward proposition, in reality there are difficulties. From a demographic perspective, it is entirely unclear exactly how many Africans were taken as slaves as part of the trade. It is also uncertain how many slaves made it to their destination alive."
Abstract This paper discusses how history has traditionally taught students that the Atlantic slave trade was about the capture and torture of African people by Europeans and Americans over a 400-year period. The involvement of the African people in the sale of their own citizens to slave traders has only been explored in the last few decades. The paper further discusses how this is perhaps due to the fact that the realization that a nation would sell its own people in exchange for goods is almost unfathomable; yet, it is a realistic fact of the Atlantic slave trade. The reasons behind Africa's involvement in this manner include economics, fear and a struggle for power. Although some historians contend that these reasons expressed monumental concerns of the rulers of Africa, it is also apparent that not all rulers of the regions believed that selling their citizens was a just course for the nation.
Abstract This paper discusses how more and more scientists are now accepting that the world is undergoing unusual climate change. This paper examines the most important and likely ways that Atlantic Canada will be affected by climate change. The paper shows how climate change has the potential to have a devastating effect on the forests, farms and economy of Atlantic Canada. Natural Resources Canada reports that the latest analysis provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides more scientific proof that climate change really is happening.
Abstract The following discussion proposes to focus on the demise of the Atlantic cod (gadus morhua). Specifically, and at the urging of the DFO, the discussion will be framed in the context of sustainability. Consequently, initially the concept of sustainable development will be explored. Subsequently, a brief history of the fishery will be presented. This discussion will focus on the last two decades, specifically the crisis that arose in the 1980s and led to the closure of the fishery in 1992 by John Crosbie, the federal Minister responsible, and a Newfoundlander. A concluding section will consider the current fishery (30,000 tonnes in 1998) and its future prospects.
Abstract This paper discusses the personal perspective of the Atlantic slave trade. The paper discusses how the readers' previous beliefs were significantly altered because the facts that were presented, implicated Africa as a factor in the business of selling human lives. Traditionally students are taught that all citizens of Africa were victims in the slave trade and that the barbaric treatment that millions of Africans experienced was because of the actions of Europeans and Americans greedy for prosperity at any cost. The paper discusses how this historical ideology may be prevalent throughout society, but it is not completely factual. Additionally, it was difficult to accept the fact that individuals throughout Africa would allow the slave trade to continue, despite the fact that their fellow countrymen were being adversely affected.
Abstract This paper explains that immigration to Atlantic Canada is important because Canadian immigrants stimulate economic activity through a strong work ethic based on previous experience and, in most cases, university training. The author points out that Canadian immigrants are mostly entrepreneurs of considerable wealth who are willing to invest in the Canadian economy and start their own business. The paper states that Atlantic Canada has a dominant white, poor population owing to a lack of immigration, which is usually non-white. The author stresses that the major stumbling block for immigration to Atlantic Canada is the lack of economic opportunity. The paper concludes that, especially for Atlantic Canada, immigration laws need to focus on making immigration swift and simple and on long-term settlement once immigration has occurred.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Poor Immigration Levels
Reasons behind Low Immigration Levels
Using the Law of Immigration to Promote Atlantic Canadian Economic Prosperity
Conclusion
From the Paper "Atlantic Canada has so little immigration to Canada that the region was not even mentioned once in the body of Statistic Canada's 2004 immigration report. However, a glance over the report's appendix highlights the real inadequacy of Atlantic Canada's immigration problem: for example, only 2.1 percent of Halifax's population constituted "new arrival" status, compared to Toronto's 17.3 percent figure. The lack of immigration to Atlantic Canada is notable upon observation of population levels of Canada's more popular cities. For example, the populations of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have defied national trends and even decreased over the last five years."
Abstract The Portuguese arrival on the Gold Coast of Africa in 1439 brought the beginnings of the Atlantic Slave Trade, subjecting the continent to four centuries of depredation. The paper argues that the intensity of the suffering endured by the African people should be described nothing short of a Holocaust. By examining tragic facts in the form of tables, this paper analyzes the Atlantic Slave Trade from an Afrocentric point of view rather than from either a Eurocentric or even Africanist perspective. In other words, this paper makes little or no apology for presenting material from an African perspective or for identifying emotionally with African history. Instead the paper "presents an insider's perspective which more overtly embraces an African identity."
Paper Outline:
From Harmony to Holocaust
Africanist vs. Afrocentric Point of View
The Effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Culture (in General)
The Effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Specific African Cultures
African Complicity?
The Problem Remains the Same
From the Paper "The observations made by Tunde Obadina above are echoed in "The Maafa: A Holocaust of Greed." In this reading, the situation on the African continent resulting from the slave trade is described as one of pure chaos. Kingdoms would rise and fall depending on how well they filled the individual "slave-quotas" dictated by the Europeans. Cultural continuity was almost a contradiction in terms as established groups would pass from the scene in quick succession, one after the other. So to ask if the African cultures were affected by the slave trade is go about understanding this situation in completely the wrong way. The effect was a given. Better to ask exactly how much damage was done to African culture as a result of the trade in Africans. This much is clear, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was "an event which destroyed peoples and whole cultures, an event which would destabilize a continent, changing it forever.""
Abstract The pre-1850 economic history of the Atlantic Provinces of Canada is discussed with ample reference to Staple theory. It is argued that the early experience of Atlantic Canada contrasted markedly with more often analyzed realities in central and Western Canada. Regular mention is made of how the differing early development of the Atlantic Provinces can be seen as extending into patterns of the present.
Abstract This paper analyzes the European motives for exploring Asia and the Atlantic. It specifically compares and contrasts those motives in Asia before 1350 and the Atlantic after 1350. The paper concludes that while the long-term and prime motives differed, to a larger extent the reasons Europeans were exploring Asia and the Atlantic were similar.
From the Paper "Therefore, although the major European explorations of Asia and the Atlantic occurred over a two century divide, their motives seem largely similar. When Europeans dictated the terms of exploration, the motives for expansion were essentially the same, involving the hope of commercial expansion, the spread of Christianity and the more general hope of increased geographical and comparative knowledge with other regions of the world. It was only the imminent threat of Mongol invasion which spurred ecclesiastical and diplomatic relations into Asia, once this threat had receded, a commercial and mercantilist approach was taken. This was similar in the Atlantic where military domination of weaker peoples was not the initial motive for exploration; rather, it was access to valuable resources and the prospect of religious conversion. This shows the sustenance of a similar European mentality across the Middle Ages, a mentality in which the European power position was understood, dominating economic and religious exploration to both the East and West, rather than using military power and brute force."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of Virgin Atlantic Airlines. It focuses on the methods used to govern Virgin Atlantic Airlines and how those methods achieve success for the corporation. It discusses how this governance allows for the consideration of all stakeholders, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the governance structure in the company. It also shows that, while it is already in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and several other locations, the structural governance practices of China provide a perfect spot for the airline to plant its services there as well.
From the Paper "One of the reasons Virgin Atlantic Airways would be a perfect fit with China is that the airline corporate structure is very similar to the new China. The airline leaders are being trained in current practices and many new business foundations while applying the new knowledge to the airline itself. It is important to provide leaders with many business courses and leadership training so that they can continue to run a successful operation, and China's business leaders are currently undergoing the same type of preparation. Another reason that Virgin Atlantic Airlines would be wise to move its operation into China is the litigation factor. Culturally, China has very little corporate litigation, which is societal similar to Japan. "
Abstract This paper provides a review of the mid-Atlantic bed and breakfast industry through a survey of various bed and breakfast owners and a review of the success of bed and breakfast start-ups in the region. This review includes data on the general employment and unemployment rates in the mid-Atlantic region and a discussion of the reasons for displacement from the manufacturing industry. A review of the pros and cons of entering into a new bed and breakfast establishment, or entering into an established bed and breakfast, are then also presented. A short review of the skills and requirements that are necessary to run a successful bed and breakfast establishment is also presented. Finally, a discussion of the merits of entering into the trade is presented.
From the Paper "We have also seen, however, through a telephone interview with a high-ranking official at the United States Bed and Breakfast Association, that the number of bed and breakfast establishments in the mid-Atlantic region decreased by over 25% in the previous four years, and that the main reason he could see for the failure of this number of businesses was a failure on the part of the owners to devote themselves, wholly and efficiently, to the setting up and day-to-day running of their bed and breakfast establishment."
Abstract This paper examines the work of prominent historians on the subject of British industrialization and the Atlantic trade in African slaves and goods such as sugar. It explores several different theories as to whether the Atlantic trade was a causal factor in industrialization or whether Britain could have industrialized without it.
From the Paper "The onset of the age of industry, which began in late eighteenth century Britain, has been attributed to a variety of causes, such as an increase in dietary nutrition, a population explosion, increases in technology, changes in agriculture, and large coal and iron reserves. Another perspective is that the Atlantic trade (and specifically the trade in African slaves and sugar) also fueled the British industrial revolution. This last theory, however, has proved contentious. This paper will examine the positions of several authors, both in support of and against the theory."
Abstract This paper discusses how Virgin Atlantic Airways markets its business class service. The paper explains how Virgin Atlantic ensures that its premium paying passengers get full value for their money, beginning with the pre-flight experience, which includes courtesy limo transfers, a hassle-free and short check-in process, and use of luxury lounges, branded the "Clubhouse".
From the Paper "A testimony to Virgin Atlantic having succeeded in developing a superlative business class product lies in the fact that its "Upper Class Suite" is often seen as equivalent to the first class service on other long haul airlines. For instance, Valhouli (2004, para 13) is almost apologetic over the fact that Virgin Atlantic could not be included in Forbes' list of Best First Class section on airlines since technically, its "Upper Class Suite" is business class. Valhouli's comment is perhaps best explained through a description of the innovative "Upper Class Suite" product and service."
Abstract This paper examines the most important and likely ways that Atlantic Canada will be affected by climate change. The paper demonstrates that climate change has the potential to have a devastating effect on the forests, farms and economy of Atlantic Canada.
From the Paper "Another way in which climate change could negatively impact Atlantic Canada's forests is by causing mid-winter thaws to become longer, and to occur more often. These thaws cause air bubbles to form in stems, and if these remain they will prevent water from flowing into the leaves when spring comes. Also, if there are extended thaws, when the soil freezes again it can damage roots. This means that when the spring comes, the roots are damaged. However, it is the roots that usually produce the pressure to expel the air bubbles."
