Abstract This paper looks at the new marketing strategies being used by Estee Lauder International in their bids to enter and break into the Asian beauty market. It examines the differences in culture and concepts of "beauty" and what Asian women consider to be attractive. It also discusses which Estee Lauder products would be successful for Asian features.
From the Paper "In 2002, Estee Lauder plans to bring the younger and fresher image to accentuate the brand for the existing customers in the US and Europe. The decision to establish new campaign in four different seasons this year is a fresh splash on public recognition. Using the new strategy, the companies can also advantage from the new look to penetrate deeper into the less explored international market."
Abstract The paper begins by discussing Japan's long history of tradition and its structure and composition of society before modernization. The paper studies barriers that impeded the country's entry into the modern world - the role of Japanese women, unawareness of the most important technological advances of the 20th century and arts, entertainment and the geisha culture. Next, the paper examines the Meiji era and Japan's abrupt transformation to modernity. The paper concludes by looking at how Japan has managed to retain its traditions while becoming part of the modern world.
From the Paper "The word "modernize" is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as: to make modern in appearance, style or character; to accept or adopt modern ways, ideas or style. If we utilize this definition to explain modernization, we can assume that the term refers to the application of such an action in a particular instance. At any given point in time, "modern" pertains to the latest developments in the area of discussion.
The modernization of a culture is often a difficult undertaking; the degree of difficulty involved corresponds to the rate at which that culture has developed. One of the most incredible modernization processes in the world's history occurred over less than half a century, in the still-enigmatic country of Japan."
The writer looks at Bai Gao's book "Japan's Economic Dilemma" and how Bai Gao makes an effort to simultaneously explain the previous success of the Japanese economy as well as its contemporary fiasco.
Abstract This paper looks at the national objectives of Japan: Economic growth, social stability, and the peculiar Japanese methodologies to achieve each. The writer of this paper shows economic growth of Japan in the postwar period. Itconcludes with an explanation on the cause and effect relationship between the monetary as well as the non-monetary characteristics that led to the recession.
From the Paper "The integral and compatible functioning of these two systems brings about an upsurge in government spending, resulting in boosting end-user spending, as well as corporate and commercial investments. Thus, if the systems were effectively sustained, the economy could be revived from the recession era, compensating for and recovering the losses incurred through the slump."
Abstract Examines the human rights status of young people and women. Historical and cultural background of human rights issue in China. Conditions faced by women and children. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Pattern of human rights violations in China since the 1949 Revolution. Abuses. Position of women. Prospects for improving human rights abuses.
From the Paper "This research examines the human-rights status of young people and women in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.). The research will set forth the historical and cultural background in which human-rights issue fronts have emerged in the P.R.C., particularly with respect to conditions faced by women and children in the country, and then discuss the prospect of improvement of those conditions.
In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was promulgated by unanimous vote of the United Nations General Assembly. That Declaration articulated what the title implied:
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The declaration proclaims the personal, civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of man, none of which is subject to limitation except to secure..."
Abstract Analysis of how future economies of the two countries are dependent on U.S. relationship. Political outlook for Mesico and China. Economic opportunities. Mexico and NAFTA and free trade agreements. Political reform movements in Mexico. China's privitization efforts. "Most favored nation" status. State-owned and Western styled management systems. U.S. role in globalization.
From the Paper "China and Mexico: Political Outlook for Both
Perhaps, among all the so-called "trading partners" in the world that directly concern the U.S., both our neighbor, Mexico, and the vast land-mass called The People's Republic of China pose both the greatest opportunities and also some danger. The opportunities are economic, of course. The danger lies in human rights and a difference in political attitude and the very nature of its people and their leaders. We need to get an overview of where relations and political futures of these two vastly different nations are headed. First, Mexico.
From the time many ultra-conservatives wailed that the NAFTA pact would destroy American jobs, the fact that it has brought some economic growth and stability between Mexico and the U.S. has seemed to benefit Mexico's border states more than it has U.S.
Abstract Discusses history of the Buddhist religion in Asia, starting in India and spreading to China, Japan and Korea. How each country developed its own form of Buddhism. How the traditional teaching of the Buddha remained the same even when Buddhism underwent changes shaped by the cultures of each East Asian country.
From the Paper "Buddhism and East Asian Culture
Introduction
Buddhism is a religious culture that originated in ancient India. The actual name "Buddhism" comes from the title of honor "Buddha" meaning 'the enlightened one'. This title was first conferred upon Gautama Siddhartha, an East Indian of noble birth. Gautama Siddhartha is most often credited as the probable traditional founder of the tradition of Buddhism. Gautama Siddhartha, born around the year 566 B.C.E. was recorded as a member of the kshatriya or warrior caste that originated in the northeastern portion of India. Oral and written traditions regarding Gautama Siddhartha indicate that he held a position of privilege within Indian society. It is those particular privileges he was said to have rejected for the life of a simple wanderer who sought..."
Abstract Summary & analysis of historical development of martial arts in China. Religious & philosophical influences. Use by military for combat training. Classical theories of the importance of moral factors, solidarity & discipline. Moder pragmatic outlook. Daoist thought & exercises. Buddhism's emphasis on self-defense. Consolidation of basic theories. Development of shadow boxing.
From the Paper "Historical Development of Chinese Martial Arts
This research paper summarizes and analyzes the historical development of martial arts in China. The form and content of martial arts in China has been the product of the confluence and interaction of many religious, philosophical and practical influences dating back to ancient times. The most important influences have been the Chinese classical approach to warfare and military tactics, Daoist thought, Buddhism and various more modern syntheses of martial arts theories, including the teachings of the monks of the Shaolin Monastery during and after the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-907) and the Taijiquan classics during the time of the Qing or Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911).
Chinese Military Realities and Classical Theories
The martial arts in practical terms formed the basis for the..."
Abstract Discusses theme of intolerance in David Gutterson's novel. Internment of Japanese Americans during World War Two. Role of intolerance in murder investigation and townspeople's percenptions of Miyamoto. The outsider as foreigner and victim of hatred. Examples of intolerance in Miyamoto's murder trial, in the life of the town, and in the judgments of Miyamoto.
From the Paper "Kabuo Miyamoto in David Guterson's novel Snow Falling on Cedars is a victim of intolerance and that victimization has helped shape him as a man. He was placed in an internment camp, along with other Japanese-Americans, on the basis of racism and nothing else. He, along with the others, was seen as an enemy of the nation on the basis of his racial heritage, his skin color, his facial features, his name, and for no other reasons. Intolerance and fear dictated the public policy which treated American citizens of Japanese heritage as enemies. There was absolutely no evidence that Miyamoto had committed any crime against the United States or posed any danger to the United States, but he was placed in an internment camp nevertheless, based solely on racial prejudice and intolerance.
With respect to the murder of Carl Heine, even that evidence ..."
Abstract Problems encountered with survival in U.S. culture for Vietnamese Buddhists. Buddhist spiritual and religious beliefs. The Four Noble Truths. Contrasts Buddhism in Vietnam and the U.S. Social services role of U.S. temples. Issues of economic challenges vs. religious values, acculturation, secular education, employment. Decentralization of religious traditions.
From the Paper "When Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese in 1975, the first wave of Vietnamese immigrants to the US consisted mainly of the residue of South Vietnam's elite bureaucracy, chiefly political in their orientation. The second wave, coming 1979 and the early 1980s, comprised what were called boat people, refugees from the North Vietnamese communist crackdown against disloyal citizens and a war with the People's Republic of China, and settling in a variety of locales around the country. The second wave of Vietnamese immigrants proved to be more entrepreneurial in focus. Indeed, the determination of South Vietnamese immigrants and their families to find a way to make money in the US put them in sometimes dangerous competition with established American businesses; indeed, American hostility to Vietnamese shrimpers at the Texas Gulf sometimes spilled over into ..."
This paper discusses the formation of the People's Communes in China which represents a stage in the continuation of the progressive collectivization of the Chinese countryside.
Abstract This paper discusses the emergence of communes in the Chinese countryside in the late 1950s as a "natural" step in the process of transformation demanded by the Great Leap Forward. The paper states that, although the cooperativization in 1955-56 resulted in the "loss" of land for the peasants, they retained their homes, small private plots and some animals. The author reports that under the impetus of the slogan "build socialism more, faster, better and more economically", far-reaching changes in working styles and methods were made throughout China.
From the Paper "An example of the attempt to introduce the peasantry to factory-style production and technique is the oft-cited movement for the construction and operation of "back-yard furnaces". These enterprises aimed to produce a crude form of pig iron using primarily scrap metal, with the hope that through the development of local skills and initiative, farm implements and other tools could be produced locally. The first orders for the construction of these small brick blast furnaces came in May 1958 from K"o Ch"ing-shih, the First Secretary of the Shanghai City Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). But later, and at a time when the experiment was being looked upon with some derision, Mao himself accepted responsibility for advocating the idea (2)."
This paper analyzes Amy Tan's "The Joy Luck Club" as it sets its narrative against the backdrop of the key historical events of the middle of the 20th century.
Abstract This paper examines the ways in which the mother-child relationship is negotiated and continually reconstructed in "The Joy Luck Club" and the endlessly complex ways in which mothers and daughters love each other and can so easily destroy each other. All of this takes place in the context of families of Chinese-Americans in California.
From the Paper "When political barriers began to fall in the 1970's, older emigrants welcomed the chance to end their long and agonizing exiles. But their children looked with a deep ambivalence on the idea of having to awaken a dormant Chinese side in themselves. And so, as the exterior world went about recognizing China, re-establishing diplomatic relations and initiating trade and cultural exchanges, these young Chinese-Americans found themselves wrestling with a very different and infinitely more complicated interior problem: how to recognize a country to which they were inextricably bound by heritage, but to which they had never been. For Tan's daughters, this meant coming to terms with themselves as independent of their mothers and yet inextricably a part of the same heritage."
Abstract This paper explains that there is a region called Chinatown in many major American cities, a region where Chinese immigrants have gathered together and opened businesses in such numbers that they have created a small version of their home in China. The author states that the Los Angeles's version of Chinatown is not very large, not as large as the Chinatowns in San Francisco and New York. The author believes that visitors who come to the Chinatown region often will get more of the flavor of Chinese culture than casual visitors because there are many celebrations scheduled during the year.
From the Paper "One can approach Chinatown from the Sunset Boulevard (recently changed along here to West Cesar E. Chavez Avenue) side, more or less across from Olvera Street and not far from the downtown railroad station and the main Post Office. The visitor enters a different world, with shops that have different goods than are found in other parts of the city, buildings with a different kind of design, and many more Chinese people than are usually found in other parts of the city. The shops contain many Chinese-designed goods, including colorful fans, scarves, holders for incense, products made from bamboo and teakwood, finely painted silks, and carved figures of people and animals. The food shops contain packages with Chinese lettering and containing foods with which most people may not be familiar, or may not have seen outside of a Chinese restaurant."
Abstract The late 1960s in China was known as the period of the Cultural Revolution and this was an attempt on the part of certain central Communist Party members to weed out dissent and to exert a tighter control. The paper discusses Jonathan Spence's "The Search for Modern China" which shows that the Cultural Revolution was a direct attack on all the old elements in Chinese society. The paper shows that what began as a push for the socialist purification of art would become pressure for the socialist purification of all aspects of society and life. The paper also examines "Chinese Awakenings" by James and Ann Tyson which documents the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution.
From the Paper "The structure of this book takes the reader from the peasant class upward through other levels of society to show how different individuals in different social classes are reacting to the new opportunities and the new economic forces. The idea of the entrepreneur is foreign to Communist China but is becoming more accepted. The question asked is, if it is desirable that some people become rich before others, then who should the people be, and what should be the extent of the income differences? The view taken now is that those who contribute most to the creation of society's wealth, and thereby set a good example for others, deserve to become rich first, and this group includes the entrepreneurs. This group came into existence in 1978 when the government decided to permit private individuals to engage in petty trades and services--areas in which the state sector had performed poorly--to help solve a growing unemployment problem. Because they provide much-needed services and are flexible in terms of business hours and locations, the business operators have prospered in general and have tended to earn more than state employees, and this in turn has caused some resentment."
Abstract The Meiji Revolution, which came about at the end of the nineteenth century, toppled the Tokugawa shogunate, "restored" imperial rule and transformed Japan from a feudal into a modern state. This paper examines how the ambiguous constitutional structure, military orientation and nationalist ideology bequeathed by the Meiji Restoration led Japan to military disaster in WWII. It shows how racist Meiji ideology affected the propaganda put out by the Japanese during the war. The paper contains illustrations.
From the Paper "The Japanese created a copycat theory that meant they adapted to the western industrialization. However, they had a hidden agenda to create a more superior power than the west. All they would do is innovate and mutate the capitalist ideology. While this was happening the Japanese would become more anti west and have more of a feeling of moral superiority. A new world order would show where they belonged in the world and how they would become greater."
Abstract This paper examines the Japanese culture and its relationship to banking. The characteristics of Japanese banking are outlined, and two socio-economic constructs, known as the "zaibatsu" and "keiretsu", are discussed. These socio-economic constructs illustrate strong historical links between banks and industry in Japan. The differences between Japanese and Western capitalism are explained.
From the Paper "Several years ago, researchers began investigating the relationship between Japanese Capitalism and Western Capitalism. Johnson (1993) pointed out that the differences between the two types of Capitalism are profound and point to changing and evolving theories of economics. This dichotomy of attitudes is the result, suggests Johnson, of many factors, most predominant of which was a certain blindness on the part of the West to acknowledge that Japanese capitalism was indeed different from the laissez-faire construct of the West (Aoki, 1988)."
