This paper compares two poems from China's Sung Dynasty, "Li Po Chanting A Poem" by Liang K'ai and "Mother Monkey and Child" by Mu-ch'i: Poets, styles, visual & content analyses and themes.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, 1995, $ 55.95
From the Paper "Two important works of art representing different styles from the same period of time in China are "Li Po chanting a Poem" and "Mother Monkey and Child." A comparison of the two will show the wide range of styles and expression in the Sung Dynasty and the similarities between the two artists. The works actually derive from similar impulses on the part of the artists but try to reach their goals through different methods. The works will be considered in terms of formal visual and content analyses, with some background on the artists, their circumstances, and their reason for producing these works.
"Li Po chanting a Poem" is a hanging scroll produced as ink on paper in the mid-thirteenth century, during the Sung Dynasty, by Liang K'ai. It is presently in Tokyo in the commission for the Protection of Cultural Properties Collection. ... "
Discusses the effects and goals of the U.S. occupation. Examines the Potsdam Declaration, industry, government, land and educational reform and the restructuring of the economy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, 1995, $ 47.95
From the Paper "In August of 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States unconditionally ending World War II. Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and allowed the United States to occupy all of the land mass of Japan. The surrender was accomplished through the intervention of Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese Cabinet could not reach a unanimous decision to surrender which was required by the Meiji system of government. The minister of the army refused to agree to the army's dissolution as was required by the Potsdam declarations (Iokibe, 1990, p. 97). The Emperor's sacred decision and his announcement to his subjects, that the war must end to save the lives of his people, set the tone for Japan's cooperation with the United States' occupation. The Japanese military establishment knew it would be destroyed but did not oppose the emperor. During the occupation of Japan ..."
From the Paper "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MING DYNASTY
This research paper describes the rise and fall of the Ming dynasty in China (1368.1644). In anglicizing Chinese names for people and places, traditional nomenclature is used, thus Peking, not Bejing.
The long reign of the Ming dynasty bridged two periods during which China was ruled by foreign invaders, the Mongols (1271.1368) and the Manchus (1644.1912). The first Ming emperor, Chu Yuan.chang, drove the Mongols from Peking in 1368. After providing China with nearly three centuries of relative peace, stability and prosperity, the Ming dynasty lost the capital city to a Manchu army in 1644.
The Rise of the Ming Dynasty
The Mongol Empire, which in its heyday included Central ..."
From the Paper "During World War II, the United States interned Japanese residents of the Western states in internment camps such as that at Manzanar in California. The reason was indicated in Executive Order 9066, signed in 1942 by President Roosevelt to give authority to the War Department to define military areas in the western states and to exclude anyone who might be seen as threatening the war effort (Houston and Houston xi-xii). Japanese living in the Western states were seen as potential subversives and were summarily removed to camps to prevent this. The camps operated until after the surrender of Japan, though the U.S. Supreme Court ruled at the end of 1944 that loyal citizens could not be held in detention camps against their will (Houston and Houston xii). The United States was wrong to place any Japanese who had not committed any offense into these camps ..."
Abstract This paper examines and compares of the scholarly articles, "The Gender and Labor Politics of Postmodernity" by Aihwa Ong and "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Community" by Arjun Appadurai, which both offer perspectives on the impact of the changing global economy. The paper illustrates how each author takes a different view on the same theories; one investigating the industrial regions of Mexico and Asia, and the other provides background information to support the anthropological concepts.
From the Paper "In "The Gender and Labor Politics of Postmodernity" Aihwa Ong discusses the situation in the modern industrial work environment, also focusing on the role of women in this environment. Ong argues that there is a gap between what the literature says is happening and what the real experiences of workers are. In the essay, Ong attempts to show what the real situation is by looking at the labor worlds of Asia and Mexico. Ong then argues two main points. Firstly, that "industrial modes of domination go beyond production relations strictly construed" (Ong 62). Secondly, Ong argues that worker's struggles against control are based on what Ong calls "cultural struggle" rather than class struggle."
Tags: globalism, globalization, mexico, industrial, culture, asia
Abstract This paper looks at some of the research that has been done regarding students from other cultures and countries to determine what strategies schools can use to help these students maximize their educational opportunities. The author discusses immigrants and their education focusing on the culture shock, coping with difficulties, special needs and immigrant children and violence and poverty.
From the Paper "During the last century, the United States has seen a high rate of immigration from other countries, with inevitable effects on our educational system. During the past decade, immigration from Asian nations in particular to the United States has reached an historically unprecedented level. Data indicate that Korea has been one of the top ten sources of immigration during the past two decades, and a large number of these Korean immigrants have settled in California, (Su-Je, et. al., 2002) but our country has many new residents from all Asian countries as well as many others. In the classroom this presents an educational problem as teachers may be faced not only with students who don?t understand English yet, but multiple such students each speaking a different language. While many of these students come from cultures that put great importance on academic achievement."
Abstract This paper examines ways in which a woman can successfully navigate her way around the business worlds of both Japan and Brazil. It compares business traditions from each country, especially with regard with what is acceptable for women. The paper covers issues such as appropriate business ettiquette, greeting gestures, hierarchy and status. The paper also shows general similarities between both countries.
From the Paper "Greetings are conducted differently in Japan and Brazil. First names should be avoided when greeting Japanese business contacts. Instead, use the suffix ?-san? to the family name or use the title "misuataa", Mr., or "miseusu", Mrs., and the family name. All introductions are made in order of seniority. One should nod or bow to the same that your counterpart has. Men should bow with their plans flat against their thighs while women should bow with the palm of their hand placed over the back of their left hand and should lower their eyes. Unlike Japanese, Brazilians like to be on a first name basis. However, even here, one should not use first names until invited to do so. Use professional titles to address business contacts of, if there is no title, use the term "Senhor", Mister, or "Senhora", Mrs. followed by the appropriate first or last name as indicated to you by the individual."
Abstract This paper looks at the new marketing strategies being used by Estee Lauder International in their bids to enter and break into the Asian beauty market. It examines the differences in culture and concepts of "beauty" and what Asian women consider to be attractive. It also discusses which Estee Lauder products would be successful for Asian features.
From the Paper "In 2002, Estee Lauder plans to bring the younger and fresher image to accentuate the brand for the existing customers in the US and Europe. The decision to establish new campaign in four different seasons this year is a fresh splash on public recognition. Using the new strategy, the companies can also advantage from the new look to penetrate deeper into the less explored international market."
Abstract The paper begins by discussing Japan's long history of tradition and its structure and composition of society before modernization. The paper studies barriers that impeded the country's entry into the modern world - the role of Japanese women, unawareness of the most important technological advances of the 20th century and arts, entertainment and the geisha culture. Next, the paper examines the Meiji era and Japan's abrupt transformation to modernity. The paper concludes by looking at how Japan has managed to retain its traditions while becoming part of the modern world.
From the Paper "The word "modernize" is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as: to make modern in appearance, style or character; to accept or adopt modern ways, ideas or style. If we utilize this definition to explain modernization, we can assume that the term refers to the application of such an action in a particular instance. At any given point in time, "modern" pertains to the latest developments in the area of discussion.
The modernization of a culture is often a difficult undertaking; the degree of difficulty involved corresponds to the rate at which that culture has developed. One of the most incredible modernization processes in the world's history occurred over less than half a century, in the still-enigmatic country of Japan."
The writer looks at Bai Gao's book "Japan's Economic Dilemma" and how Bai Gao makes an effort to simultaneously explain the previous success of the Japanese economy as well as its contemporary fiasco.
Abstract This paper looks at the national objectives of Japan: Economic growth, social stability, and the peculiar Japanese methodologies to achieve each. The writer of this paper shows economic growth of Japan in the postwar period. Itconcludes with an explanation on the cause and effect relationship between the monetary as well as the non-monetary characteristics that led to the recession.
From the Paper "The integral and compatible functioning of these two systems brings about an upsurge in government spending, resulting in boosting end-user spending, as well as corporate and commercial investments. Thus, if the systems were effectively sustained, the economy could be revived from the recession era, compensating for and recovering the losses incurred through the slump."
Abstract Examines the human rights status of young people and women. Historical and cultural background of human rights issue in China. Conditions faced by women and children. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Pattern of human rights violations in China since the 1949 Revolution. Abuses. Position of women. Prospects for improving human rights abuses.
From the Paper "This research examines the human-rights status of young people and women in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.). The research will set forth the historical and cultural background in which human-rights issue fronts have emerged in the P.R.C., particularly with respect to conditions faced by women and children in the country, and then discuss the prospect of improvement of those conditions.
In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was promulgated by unanimous vote of the United Nations General Assembly. That Declaration articulated what the title implied:
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The declaration proclaims the personal, civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of man, none of which is subject to limitation except to secure..."
Abstract Analysis of how future economies of the two countries are dependent on U.S. relationship. Political outlook for Mesico and China. Economic opportunities. Mexico and NAFTA and free trade agreements. Political reform movements in Mexico. China's privitization efforts. "Most favored nation" status. State-owned and Western styled management systems. U.S. role in globalization.
From the Paper "China and Mexico: Political Outlook for Both
Perhaps, among all the so-called "trading partners" in the world that directly concern the U.S., both our neighbor, Mexico, and the vast land-mass called The People's Republic of China pose both the greatest opportunities and also some danger. The opportunities are economic, of course. The danger lies in human rights and a difference in political attitude and the very nature of its people and their leaders. We need to get an overview of where relations and political futures of these two vastly different nations are headed. First, Mexico.
From the time many ultra-conservatives wailed that the NAFTA pact would destroy American jobs, the fact that it has brought some economic growth and stability between Mexico and the U.S. has seemed to benefit Mexico's border states more than it has U.S.
Abstract Discusses history of the Buddhist religion in Asia, starting in India and spreading to China, Japan and Korea. How each country developed its own form of Buddhism. How the traditional teaching of the Buddha remained the same even when Buddhism underwent changes shaped by the cultures of each East Asian country.
From the Paper "Buddhism and East Asian Culture
Introduction
Buddhism is a religious culture that originated in ancient India. The actual name "Buddhism" comes from the title of honor "Buddha" meaning 'the enlightened one'. This title was first conferred upon Gautama Siddhartha, an East Indian of noble birth. Gautama Siddhartha is most often credited as the probable traditional founder of the tradition of Buddhism. Gautama Siddhartha, born around the year 566 B.C.E. was recorded as a member of the kshatriya or warrior caste that originated in the northeastern portion of India. Oral and written traditions regarding Gautama Siddhartha indicate that he held a position of privilege within Indian society. It is those particular privileges he was said to have rejected for the life of a simple wanderer who sought..."
Abstract Summary & analysis of historical development of martial arts in China. Religious & philosophical influences. Use by military for combat training. Classical theories of the importance of moral factors, solidarity & discipline. Moder pragmatic outlook. Daoist thought & exercises. Buddhism's emphasis on self-defense. Consolidation of basic theories. Development of shadow boxing.
From the Paper "Historical Development of Chinese Martial Arts
This research paper summarizes and analyzes the historical development of martial arts in China. The form and content of martial arts in China has been the product of the confluence and interaction of many religious, philosophical and practical influences dating back to ancient times. The most important influences have been the Chinese classical approach to warfare and military tactics, Daoist thought, Buddhism and various more modern syntheses of martial arts theories, including the teachings of the monks of the Shaolin Monastery during and after the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-907) and the Taijiquan classics during the time of the Qing or Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911).
Chinese Military Realities and Classical Theories
The martial arts in practical terms formed the basis for the..."
Abstract Problems encountered with survival in U.S. culture for Vietnamese Buddhists. Buddhist spiritual and religious beliefs. The Four Noble Truths. Contrasts Buddhism in Vietnam and the U.S. Social services role of U.S. temples. Issues of economic challenges vs. religious values, acculturation, secular education, employment. Decentralization of religious traditions.
From the Paper "When Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese in 1975, the first wave of Vietnamese immigrants to the US consisted mainly of the residue of South Vietnam's elite bureaucracy, chiefly political in their orientation. The second wave, coming 1979 and the early 1980s, comprised what were called boat people, refugees from the North Vietnamese communist crackdown against disloyal citizens and a war with the People's Republic of China, and settling in a variety of locales around the country. The second wave of Vietnamese immigrants proved to be more entrepreneurial in focus. Indeed, the determination of South Vietnamese immigrants and their families to find a way to make money in the US put them in sometimes dangerous competition with established American businesses; indeed, American hostility to Vietnamese shrimpers at the Texas Gulf sometimes spilled over into ..."
