From the Paper
"Sri Lanka is in the throes of a struggle to save democracy. Growing warfare between the government and Tamil separatists threatens to engulf the entire nation. This research examines how the ethnic divisions in Sri Lanka have affected Sri Lanka politics and society.
Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1948 with hope for a bright future. Its economic and social conditions were quite conducive to the creation of a prosperous nation. Tea, rubber and coconuts-the country's main exports-were valuable commodities on the global market. The international community saw Sri Lanka as a good investment. The new government of Ceylon (as it was called then) was awarded about $350 million in foreign exchange reserves. The quality of life was far better than most other developing nations, with a life expectancy about double that of.."

From the Paper
"Conformity within a society means that there are certain norms, laws, and traditions that people are expected to follow or they will face some form of social or physical castigation. Independence within a society means a deviation from accepted norms or modes of behavior. Since most contemporary societies are comprised of a diverse ethnic and racial population, there is usually room for some independent thought or action--if only because of the plurality of customs practiced. Of course, some customs, such as a society's laws, necessarily mandate conformity. In a society such as Japan's, which does not have a diverse population--being mainly comprised of Japanese--conformity to a particular set of customs, norms, and traditions have been more marked, and deviation from these modes of behavior has begun to surface only in the last several decades. This..."

From the Paper
"Mao Tse-tung was one of the most important military as well as political figures of the twentieth century. His doctrine of protracted guerilla revolutionary war had a major influence on the history of the second half of the twentieth century, and his military doctrines were successfully employed by the North Vietnamese to stymie the United States during the Vietnam war. Yet--in contrast to most famous generals--his military career is not one of dramatic victories won in the field. Indeed, his most famous single military exploit is a retreat, the Long March.

In order to understand the nature and significance of Mao's military thought, we must understand both the political context of that thought and the military context in which Mao operated. In spite of the famous dictum of Clausewitz that war is an ... "

From the Paper
"Tourism is an industry that many countries seek to encourage because of the large amount of foreign exchange it develops without requiring large amounts of natural resources or direct government expenditures. In developing countries, tourism can serve to introduce foreign visitors to the country and may result in increased business activity down the line. In addition to foreign tourism, various locations within countries seek to promote their own areas as sites for domestic travel, again to attract the traveler's money. Tourism encourages a wide variety of businesses, such as hotels, tour operators and restaurants, and helps supports ancillary businesses, such as retail sales and local industry. This research examines the various social, cultural and environmental factors that influence tourism in ... "

From the Paper
"This research will compare the United States with Thailand, a country from the Third-World. Differences in government, economics, politics, and social structure will be highlighted.

The United States is a federal republic. Each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia exercises a measure of internal self-government. Defense, foreign affairs, coinage, posts, the higher levels of justice, and internal security are the responsibility of the federal government.. The President is head of the executive and is elected for a four-year term by a college of representatives elected directly from each state. The President appoints the other members of the executive, subject to the consent of the Senate. The Congress is the legislative body and consists of 100 members of the Senate and 435 members of the House of Representatives. Two senators are chosen by direct .... "

From the Paper
"Japan is an island country, which according to tradition, was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu. It has a comparative area that is slightly smaller than California. Its total land area is 374,744 kilometers, which includes Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands, and Volcano Islands.. Its coastline area encompasses 29,751 kilometers. Currently, several of its islands are claimed by other nations. These include Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands, and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; and Senkaku Islands claimed by China and Taiwan.

Japan's climate varies from tropical in the south to cool temperate in the north. Its terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous. Thirteen percent of its land is arable, with one ... "

From the Paper
"In 1997, the British crown colony of Hong Kong is scheduled to revert to Chinese rule under the terms of a 99-year lease concluded in 1898, as modified in 1984. The end of this last vestige of the British Empire, a territory of rather less than 400 square miles, might seem an insignificant factor in the modern world. But on these 400 square miles stands a city of more than 5 million people, a city that is one of the most dynamic trading and financial centers in the world. The fate of Hong Kong after 1997 is of overwhelming importance to those 5 million plus people and more generally will play a major role in shaping the relationship between China and its neighbors and China's place in the world well into the next millenium.

Moreover, concern over the prospects of Hong Kong after 1997 ... "

From the Paper
"The Hmong culture is found today in southern China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. The original homeland of the Hmongs was in Central Asia, but they eventually moved southward until they settled in the mountains of Southern China. They were driven from their homes by the Chinese and again moved to the south, gradually seeping into their present ethnic enclaves. More than half a million Hmongs have fled from southern China since the beginning of the nineteenth century, though 2.5 million still live in china. Prior to Vietnam in April 1975, there were some 50,000 Hmongs in Thailand, 225,000 in Vietnam, and 350,000 in Laos, while some 50,000 came to America as refugees in the mid-1970s. The Hmongs were uprooted from their homeland by foreign invaders. They fought against the Japanese in World War II, then siding with the Royal Lao in opposition to the Pathet Lao, with ... "

From the Paper
"This research examines cross-cultural interactions between Chinese and Westerners. The examination objective is to illustrate how erroneous conclusions may be drawn by Westerners interacting with Chinese when those Westerners lack a knowledge and appreciation of the norms, practices, and values of Chinese culture, and the socialization process in that culture.

Cross-Cultural Interactions
Social identity theory serves as the conceptual basis for this examination. Social identity is defined as "the individual's knowledge" of personal membership in specific social groups, together with the "emotional value and significance" placed on such membership by the individual ... "

From the Paper
"Two important works of art representing different styles from the same period of time in China are "Li Po chanting a Poem" and "Mother Monkey and Child." A comparison of the two will show the wide range of styles and expression in the Sung Dynasty and the similarities between the two artists. The works actually derive from similar impulses on the part of the artists but try to reach their goals through different methods. The works will be considered in terms of formal visual and content analyses, with some background on the artists, their circumstances, and their reason for producing these works.

"Li Po chanting a Poem" is a hanging scroll produced as ink on paper in the mid-thirteenth century, during the Sung Dynasty, by Liang K'ai. It is presently in Tokyo in the commission for the Protection of Cultural Properties Collection. ... "

From the Paper
"In August of 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States unconditionally ending World War II. Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and allowed the United States to occupy all of the land mass of Japan. The surrender was accomplished through the intervention of Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese Cabinet could not reach a unanimous decision to surrender which was required by the Meiji system of government. The minister of the army refused to agree to the army's dissolution as was required by the Potsdam declarations (Iokibe, 1990, p. 97). The Emperor's sacred decision and his announcement to his subjects, that the war must end to save the lives of his people, set the tone for Japan's cooperation with the United States' occupation. The Japanese military establishment knew it would be destroyed but did not oppose the emperor. During the occupation of Japan ..."

From the Paper
"THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MING DYNASTY

This research paper describes the rise and fall of the Ming dynasty in China (1368.1644). In anglicizing Chinese names for people and places, traditional nomenclature is used, thus Peking, not Bejing.

The long reign of the Ming dynasty bridged two periods during which China was ruled by foreign invaders, the Mongols (1271.1368) and the Manchus (1644.1912). The first Ming emperor, Chu Yuan.chang, drove the Mongols from Peking in 1368. After providing China with nearly three centuries of relative peace, stability and prosperity, the Ming dynasty lost the capital city to a Manchu army in 1644.

The Rise of the Ming Dynasty
The Mongol Empire, which in its heyday included Central ..."

From the Paper
"During World War II, the United States interned Japanese residents of the Western states in internment camps such as that at Manzanar in California. The reason was indicated in Executive Order 9066, signed in 1942 by President Roosevelt to give authority to the War Department to define military areas in the western states and to exclude anyone who might be seen as threatening the war effort (Houston and Houston xi-xii). Japanese living in the Western states were seen as potential subversives and were summarily removed to camps to prevent this. The camps operated until after the surrender of Japan, though the U.S. Supreme Court ruled at the end of 1944 that loyal citizens could not be held in detention camps against their will (Houston and Houston xii). The United States was wrong to place any Japanese who had not committed any offense into these camps ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at some of the research that has been done regarding students from other cultures and countries to determine what strategies schools can use to help these students maximize their educational opportunities. The author discusses immigrants and their education focusing on the culture shock, coping with difficulties, special needs and immigrant children and violence and poverty.

From the Paper
"During the last century, the United States has seen a high rate of immigration from other countries, with inevitable effects on our educational system. During the past decade, immigration from Asian nations in particular to the United States has reached an historically unprecedented level. Data indicate that Korea has been one of the top ten sources of immigration during the past two decades, and a large number of these Korean immigrants have settled in California, (Su-Je, et. al., 2002) but our country has many new residents from all Asian countries as well as many others. In the classroom this presents an educational problem as teachers may be faced not only with students who don?t understand English yet, but multiple such students each speaking a different language. While many of these students come from cultures that put great importance on academic achievement."

Tags: acculturation, asian, korea

Abstract
This paper examines ways in which a woman can successfully navigate her way around the business worlds of both Japan and Brazil. It compares business traditions from each country, especially with regard with what is acceptable for women. The paper covers issues such as appropriate business ettiquette, greeting gestures, hierarchy and status. The paper also shows general similarities between both countries.

From the Paper
"Greetings are conducted differently in Japan and Brazil. First names should be avoided when greeting Japanese business contacts. Instead, use the suffix ?-san? to the family name or use the title "misuataa", Mr., or "miseusu", Mrs., and the family name. All introductions are made in order of seniority. One should nod or bow to the same that your counterpart has. Men should bow with their plans flat against their thighs while women should bow with the palm of their hand placed over the back of their left hand and should lower their eyes. Unlike Japanese, Brazilians like to be on a first name basis. However, even here, one should not use first names until invited to do so. Use professional titles to address business contacts of, if there is no title, use the term "Senhor", Mister, or "Senhora", Mrs. followed by the appropriate first or last name as indicated to you by the individual."

Tags: manners, female, Asia, Latin, America