Paper Summary:

This paper refers to two papers that appeared before the lapse of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China (PRC) that have to do with underground criminal networks. In addition to the articles, the paper reviews the history of secret societies and organized crime in Hong Kong which has a wide set of networks that can be well known as Tong and Triad societies. The paper further discusses the competition from the Yakuza of Japan, other Japanese networks and other Chinese networks underground in Shanghai or other coastal cities of the PRC that came to have power as the 1978 Reforms arrived and a growing capitalist economy.

From the Paper:

"An article of Jennifer Bolz on HK's secret societies and human trafficking to the US is introduced, and Willard Myers' study of East Asian organized crime that had risen with globalization, capitalism in the PRC and profits from shipping people to the West. The early 1990s such much interest in Transnational crime, new roles for secret societies and, significantly, tough new laws in Hong Kong in an anti-gang law. Secret societies are used to opposition; new niche markets will result."

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