Abstract
The paper approaches the issue from a variety of research tools: surveys, databases and hospital records. The study concluded that there is a higher rate of adverse events to patients when staffing is just one nurse lower than recommended and this lowers when the wards are overstaffed. The paper contends the article is well written, well researched, and delivers convincing evidence that the issue should be looked into in greater detail.

From the Paper
"In 2003, authors Sung-Hyun Cho, Shake Ketefian, Violet H. Barkauskas and Dean G. Smith published an article entitled "The Effects of Nurse Staffing on Adverse Events, Morbidity, Mortality and Medical Costs." The article was published as the result of a project made possible through a research grant given by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The purpose of the project was to determine the effects of the level of nurse staffing, if any, on patient mortality, morbidity, medical costs and adverse events in general. The study sampled data from over 200 hospitals and data on more than 120,000 patients cross-referenced with 20 diagnosis-related groups. The authors then compared the level of nursing against the incidence levels of a variety of adverse events such as falls and injuries, pressure ulcers, adverse drug events, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, wound infection and sepsis."

Tags:nursing, research, critique

Abstract
In this essay, the writer summarizes and then reviews the article "A guide to taking a patient's history," by Lloyd and Craig (2007).

From the Paper
"This article describes the procedure of taking a patient history emphasizing the way the environment is prepared the communication skills that should be used and the importance of the order that information is taken. No specific patient population is discussed the focus of the article is on preparing for and taking a patient history of any patient ..."

Tags:journal article review, medical, nurse, history-taking, patient

Abstract
This paper discusses whether or not the greenhouse effect is really responsible for the earth's warming over the last century. It brings up the theory that perhaps this a part of the earth's natural cycle. This paper then discusses the Milankovitch Cycles which details the natural changes that the earth undergoes and the effect of these changes on the environment. The author feels that this theory, as presented in the article, disproves the greenhouse effect theory.

From the Paper
"The same happens in reverse in a time of high temperatures.
The ocean circulation systems redistributes heat better and this accounts for the speed of the ice melting in the Antarctic.
Milankovitch Cycles are than able to explain the temperature differences noted in the Antarctic. The ice melting is a direct result of this rise in temperature. The higher temperatures effecting the ocean circulation system also adequately explains why the ice melts at a fast rate."

Tags:melting, milankovitch, temperatures, cycle, earth, climactic, change, orbit, latitudes, rise

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the discussions presented in three different articles regarding gastric bypass surgery. The articles summarized are "Medical Management of Obesity" by Ethan Berke, "Hope for the Morbidly Obese" by Michelle Bock-Lopez, and "Mechanisms to Stop the Epidemic of Obesity: Surgical Therapy for Obesity" by Harvey Sugarman. These articles include discussions on the benefits and risks of the surgery and demonstrate both the growing population and success of this surgery. The articles also review information regarding concerns about both the safety and efficacy of the approach. Two of the articles reviewed by this paper are appended.

From the Paper
"Multiple reports that more and more adults and even children have become morbidly obese in the United States have led to searches for effective interventions. One of the interventions beginning to receive widespread use is gastric bypass surgery, which limits the amount of food an individual can consume and thus helps prevent overeating that leads to or supports a state of obesity."

Tags:blood, pressure, diabetes, diet, exercise, weight, loss, food, absorption, small, intestine, nutrition, invasive

Abstract
This paper examines how the increased use of technology in today's workplace has had a largely negative effect on workplace stress and reviews two articles on the topic. The applicability of each of the articles in relation to a type of organization similar to the law/claims group of a public utility is also analyzed, giving recommendations. The two articles are Michael C. Dennis's "Technology and Stress in the Workplace", which focuses closely on the newly emerging impact of technology-mediated stress in the credit industry, and the State of Utah's article,"Workplace Stress".

From the Paper
"The State of Utah's article can be applied to a public utilities law/claims group type of organization. Employees in such an organization are likely to share the feeling that workplace stress is an ingrained feature of office life. Further, these employees likely share the impression that there is little that can be done to combat technology-fueled workplace stress. Importantly, the characteristics of those who deal well with workplace stress can also be applied to employees in the field of public utilities."

Tags:utah, michael, dennis

Abstract
The paper argues against the Constitution's raising of the legal drinking age to 21 years nationwide. The paper discusses the rise in alcoholism among teenagers since the act came into effect in 1984 and several other reasons why the law should be removed. Finally, it touches on the the fact that the law can be seen as unconstitutional for it clearly favors federal jurisdiction where there should be none.

From the Paper
"At age 18, an American can vote, fight and die in a war, marry, own homes and cars, and even firearms. But these rights somehow do not measure up to the right to drink beer, wine, and spirits. The specter of Prohibition loomed when Americans decided that alcohol consumption was so sacred and powerful that citizens can vote before they can consume alcohol legally. The paradox is astounding but fails to impress American puritanical standards."

Tags:Mothers, Against, Drunk, Driving, MADD, Alcohol, traffic, fatalities

Abstract
The paper examines the study, "Nurses' Job Satisfaction, Stress, and Recognition in a Pediatric Setting" that uses a quantitative research approach to look at nurses' satisfaction with their jobs.

Outline:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Study Variables
Conceptual Framework
Review of Literature
Study Design
Sample and Setting
Identification and Control of Extraneous Variables
Study Instruments and Tools
Data Collection Methods
Strengths and Limitations

From the Paper
"This study was conducted to resolve dissatisfaction that was occurring among nurses in the pediatric setting, (Ernst et al. 2004). Satisfaction among nurses is an important issue that is affecting the nursing profession. Job satisfaction in nurses should be of great concern to any organization. Nurses hold the majority of positions in most health care settings, and replacement of licensed personnel is costly and time consuming. In today's healthcare climate, with sicker patients and leaner staffs, some nurses become overwhelmed, (Huff, 1997). Unhappy nurses can translate into high turnover, unhappy patients, and a lower quality of care."

Tags:hypothesis, variables, conceptual, framework, data, collection

Abstract
This paper analyzes and critiques the article "Assessment of Pain in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: A Comparison of Pain Assessment Tools and their Use by Non-professional Caregivers," by Krulewitch et al., published in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society. The writer examines each step of the study in detail and discusses its strengths and limitations. The writer concludes that the limitations of this study may guide future researchers in launching similar and more successful studies in this field.

Outline
Research Problem and Purpose
Hypotheses and Research Question
Literature Review
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Population
Protection of Human Participants
Research Design
Instruments and Strategies for Measurement
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Interpretation of Results
Discussion of Findings
Limitations
Implications
Recommendations
Research Utilization in my Practice

From the Paper
"Pain was measured using a standardized pain assessment (Krulewitch et al., 2000, 1612). This assessment was administered to all participants in the study. The researchers used several scales in the study. The MMSE was used to determine dementia, along with documented diagnosis as such. The face pain scale and the nonverbal visual analog pain scale were used to determine moderate to sever pain. The researchers of the study report that one-third of demented subjects were unable to rate pain using any of the tools, but had had a pain assessment during the designated time of the study. Researchers point out those who were assessing the subjects for pain may have been unaware of the degree of pain experienced by the demented individual."

Tags:psychotropic, health care, medication mortality analgesia nurse

Abstract
This paper examines "The Banking Concept of Education", an essay written by Paulo Freire, which explains how education is really a tool that is used continuously to oppress the poor. It explores how the banking concept of education is the idea that the teacher teaches, and the student learns from that teacher by utilizing the basic drills, memorization, and repetition. It also looks at how an adult can have the thinking process greatly enhanced by learning the basics, such as the alphabet, reading, eventually, and then writing, not necessarily in that order, and how, once those basics are learned, then the adult can use the combinations of those skills to perform more complex cognitive processes.

From the Paper
"The overall idea of the banking concept is that when a person like you or I are researching a topic in the library for example, the reason we can achieve this feat is because of the basics of education we have already been taught. For example, if we were to study China, we would need some understanding of reading, writing, geography, etc. The banking concept has worked well presenting those basics, at least for the affluent nations of the world. However, we may have chosen a different path had we not been taught those basics. If a homeless child in the ghettos of Rio needs to learn something, he will not be as prepared to utilize banking concepts because his immediate needs are different. Maslow has pointed out; I may be looking for food or shelter, not an alphabet in the homeless scenario."

Tags:memorization, repetition, teacher, education

Abstract
A review of "Ethics in Accounting" by Ireen Baset and how it addresses the contemporary ethical issues related to the accounting and financial decision-making process. Examines how the article treats the challenge, faced by employers, managers, administrators and employees alike, of adequately incorporating ethical values into the daily work schedule.

From the Paper
"On the same account, a real estate company where the entire corporate dealings depend upon the efficiency and the sense of morality of the accountants must make relentless efforts to effectively communicate corporate ethics. This can be best done through the planning and implementation as well as the continuous maintenance of a sound and a pragmatic internal ethical program, that is putting down ethical rules in black and white for the organizational staff, employees and the first-line supervisors."

Tags:corporate, world, ethical, values, foundation, enron, case, workplace, codes