Abstract This paper describes many pieces of art that were selected because of unique aspects they brought to the world of art. The paper discusses the history of each piece of art and where it can be found today. It concludes by discussing why each piece was chosen for this paper and looks briefly into cross-cultural currents and trans-historical connections.
Table of Contents:
Classical Greek
Hellenistic Art
Etruscan Civilization Art
Republican Rome
Roman Empire
Islamic Civilization Art
Early Chinese
Japanese Civilizations
Gothic
Late Middle Ages
Baroque
Summary
Cultural Cross-currents
Trans-historical Connections
From the Paper "Each piece in the museum collection was selected because of unique aspects it brought to the world of art. The Aphrodite of Arles, the first piece in the museum, had a dramatic and lasting impact on Western Art. It was the first depiction of a nude female sculpture and set the standard of the female nude in Western Art. The Aphrodite of Arles paved the way for the second piece in the collection, the Aphrodite of Melos. The Aphrodite of Melos is probably the most famous piece in the collection. She was chosen for her beauty. The Aphrodite of Melos may be the best example of Hellenistic sculpture, or possibly the best example of any classical art form. However, the Aphrodite of Melos was also chosen because of the power of propaganda; her enduring popularity owes as much to an intense French publicity campaign as to her true artistic merit. I chose the Cenatur from Vulci, Nenfro, because of its contrast with the two other Greco-Roman sculptures in the collection. Not only is the Cenatur male, he is also made of stone. The coarseness of his material increases the contrast between the Cenatur and the smoothness of the marble Aphrodite sculptures."
Abstract This paper discusses Frank Lloyd Wright's home and studio, entitled "Taliesin West," as seen through the eyes and artistic principles of the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The paper describes the building and then discusses how Wright's use of asymmetry and rough-hewn materials would not appeal to Palladio's architectural principles.
From the Paper "It might be objected that Palladio was not entirely anti-natural in his material and design and thus may have objected less strenuously to Wright's work than might be alleged. It is true gardens were important to Palladio's works, and the outdoors and the space of the composition are integrated into many of Palladio's designs. However, in balancing the relationship between the exterior and the interior, proportionality was always key, as was to make the Roman designs seem spacious and airy. His most famous work, the Palazzo Godi at Lonedo (1540) above all makes use of a balanced composition of mass, is dignified in detail, and uses the light and the space in a way that draws attention to the architect's fundamental design, not causes the gazer to look differently at the natural world. To gaze upon Wright's "Taliesin West" changes not simply one's view of what architecture should accomplish--one never looks at nature the same way again, either. One sees human dwellings at one with nature, rather than resisting its effects, as was common in classical and Renaissance works of architecture."
Abstract This paper describes how public and private spaces merge with one another to create city landscapes. Theaters, piazzas, parks, museums, etc., are used as examples to support this argument. The paper argues that without this fusion of public and private, city landscapes would not exist in their current states.
From the Paper "Theaters with multiple levels or tiers, like Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Schauspielhaus (1819 - 1821; 1823) in Berlin Germany, are among the many examples of how public and private spaces interact. This particular theater was modeled in the Greek style, and was symbolic of the culture of the city. Professor Rand Carter wrote in his essay "The Last Great Architect" that "to the traditional temporal and spiritual centers was added the cultural center of the city and the state" (Carter). This state theater was a cultural center while the cathedral represented all things religious and the palace was a symbol of the administrative and governmental departments of city life. "
Tags: piazzas, theaters, streets, development, city
Abstract The paper discusses how Luis Barragan is famous for his architecture that seeks to use light, water and open natural spaces in order to portray the Mexican culture in a contemporary, but non-conforming way. The paper relates that one of the crowning achievements for Barragan was winning the international Pritzker Prize for Architecture in 1980. The paper explains Barragan's objectives of blending his surroundings within their natural element, adding bright colors to enhance the setting, having beautiful serene gardens in which the resident's could enjoy life and always having his designs show their Latin American connections.
From the Paper "Luis Barragan's development and reformulation of Mexican architecture was an endless artistic search for a contemporary expression of Mexican culture" (Underwood). Beginning in the 1920's and continuing all the way until Barragan's death in 1988, his quest for this contemporary expression led him to many different countries, cultures and to interact with many different people from various walks of life, especially those individuals who were artistic or were, themselves, striving to leave their artistic mark on society. Barragan was able to accomplish that objective which is evident by the works of architecture he left behind."
Abstract This urban studies essay discusses the history of Pittsburgh's South Side. The paper examines the area's current urban issues. The paper includes possible solutions proposed by the city, and by the writer. The writer further discusses his opinion on the neighborhood's future growth. The paper addresses several urban issues, including gentrification, urban planning, and architectural preservation.
From the Paper "Pittsburgh's South Side has a rich history and culture. From the first immigrants to the residents that live there today, this neighborhood has seen many changes and growth with the passing of time. The neighborhood has faced new challenges and issues. There have been recent developments in overcoming these neighborhood issues and many areas of success can be seen. If the indicators of positive urban renewal prove to be accurate, the South Side will see positive growth within the next ten years. In this essay I will explore different aspects of Pittsburgh's South Side neighborhood through giving a description history and current state, describing its most pertinent problems it faces, give possible solutions to these issues, as well as give my prediction of the direction of its future."
Abstract The paper discusses how the skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons, including limited land, but also to show off power and wealth. The paper discusses how many skyscrapers there were in Manhattan by 1930 and whether there were concerns expressed about the impact of skyscrapers on the city and its people. The paper looks at how land values were affected by the boom in Manhattan skyscrapers and explores what it was like to work on the skyscrapers in Manhattan in the early 1900s. The paper notes that urban America will likely never see an architectural explosion like that again.
Outline:
How Many Skyscrapers Were There in Manhattan by 1930?
Were There Concerns Expressed about the Impact of Skyscrapers on the City and its People?
How Were Land Values Affected by the Boom in Manhattan Skyscrapers? What Was it Like to Work on the Skyscrapers in Manhattan in the Early 1900s?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons; the most pragmatic reason of course, was that the New York City (Manhattan) land area was very limited, and buildings had nowhere to go but up. Other pivotal reasons for the emergence of skyscrapers, according to author Karen Barss (www.infoplease.com), include these: "...big buildings have been used to show off power and wealth"; there has been shown in cities a need to "...stretch the limits of what's possible"; and there was a sense of "competition among owners, families, architects, and builders.""
Abstract This paper takes a look at Wave Hill, a nineteenth century mansion set invitingly among trees and flowers in the northwest Bronx, looking out over the sparkling Hudson River and beyond, toward the towering cliffs of the Palisades. According to the paper, Wave Hill is among the last survivors of the great houses that once lined the banks of the Hudson from the Island of Manhattan to far upstate.
From the Paper "Others, including one of Wave Hill's most famous guests/residents, Theodore Roosevelt, took away a different, and more wide-reaching, message from the Hudson River School's attempts to capture nature in her glory and decline. The Roosevelt Family rented Wave Hill for a number of summers in the 1870s. Thus, the house was familiar to Theodore Roosevelt as a young man. Clearly, its beautiful setting helped to shape his adult views in regard to the natural world. Theodore Roosevelt would later travel widely in the United States, and around the globe, visiting many remote places hardly touched by the hands of human beings. On his journeys, Roosevelt witnessed nature in all her purity, in places that most residents of gigantic cities, like New York, would never visit. Though these locations were far from the ever-expanding realm of industries, and hundreds or even thousands of miles away from the dark and crowded tenements of Manhattan and Brooklyn, Roosevelt realized that they represented an aspect of the Earth that needed to be preserved. Roosevelt, schooled literally in the lessons of Wave Hill, and growing up in the shadow of the Hudson River School, would become a leading advocate of the Conservation Movement. "
Abstract The paper explains that the use of organic architecture allows man and nature to live side by side in a cohesive manner. The paper shows how organic architecture benefits society by its aesthetic looks and preservation of natural resources. The paper discusses how preserving resources is now necessary not only from an aesthetic point of view but also from a practical need standpoint for future generations. The paper includes a photo of the famous Fallingwater design, an example of the use of organic architecture.
Outline:
Introduction
What It Is
How It Benefits Society
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the beginning of time mankind has searched out ways to live in harmony with nature. Whether it was using products that are environmentally friendly, being careful not to destroy resources that can be left alone or blending in to the scenery to create atheistic environments mankind has tried to maintain a peaceful partnership with nature. The use of organic architecture allows man and nature to live side by side in a cohesive manner."
Abstract This paper takes a look at gothic architecture and the urban planning of medieval towns, focusing specifically on Mont- Saint-Michel on the islet of Mont Tombe. According to the paper, aside from the intrinsic military value of Mont-Saint-Michel, the place served also as a social, cultural and political arena.
From the Paper "Of particular interest in the study of Gothic architecture is the structure standing tall on the islet of Mont Tombe - Mont-Saint-Michel. Before understanding the architectural wonder of this sacred shrine, one must first know the history relevant not only to the place itself but in most areas during the Medieval Period. Since this era has been considered fraught with battles and warfare, building of churches, cathedrals or any holy place at that time was not only in consideration of the religious fervour but in deference to military strategies as well. Religious structures did not serve only as places of worship but of defense or withstanding of attacks from marauding invaders. Mont-Saint-Michel is by any means not an exception since aside from serving the spiritual needs of the inhabitants; its military value was very much taken into consideration."
Abstract The paper discusses how the art and architecture of both Mesopotamia and Egypt are similarly drawn from their environment, geographical characteristics, climate and natural resources. The paper explains how Mesopotamians benefited from their natural wealth, while the Egyptians focused on their classic achievement, the pyramids. The paper notes that basic differences include the subjugated expressions of Mesopotamian art and architecture on account of their subjugation to other peoples, who envied their natural resources. On the other hand, the paper shows how Egyptian art and architecture document their uniqueness in every feature of the tombs, reliefs and statutes they built for their kings.
From the Paper ""Mesopotamia" is the Greek word for "between the rivers" and refers to that region between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers, presently occupied by Iraq, Turkley and Syria (Delahunt 2006). The region was occupied in ancient times by many groups, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Amorites, Kassites, Persians, Greeks, and Chaldeans. They passed their powers on to the Arabs, who now occupy current-day Mesopotamia. There is little rainfall in this region and access to the two rivers has been difficult. People in the region have built dams and grew food in the rich soil. They built
canals in order to distribute scanty water, an activity, which united them. They also invented the plough to raise their cattle and sheep."
Abstract In this paper the author presents a brief history of Western architecture, highlighting the major epochs in European architecture, and modern architecture in the US. The paper further discusses the function of architectural space, its use and its aesthetic. Various architectural techniques and their historical development are analyzed. The paper concludes with an an examination of modern architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose designs are considered a culmination of the works that preceded him.
From the Paper "It would seem logical to start our exploration of the history of architecture with one of the greatest artists of all time--Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564), regarded by many as the "father of architecture in Europe and the greatest designer of the last 500 years" (Lowry, 167). Of all his architectural designs, the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, built to house the immense collections of the Medici family in Florence, Italy, stands out above all others. This vestibule gives the impression of a vertically compressed, shaft-like space which is dominated by a vast, flowing staircase that almost fills the interior, and unlike his contemporaries, Michelangelo ignored classical architectural ideals by placing his columns in pairs which are sunk into the walls; he breaks columns around corners and placed beneath them consoles not meant as support. In essence, Michelangelo "did away with classical architecture so prevalent in the High Renaissance and greatly influenced all architectural designs and forms that followed him" (Copplestone, 178)."
Abstract This paper discusses the contributions of Robert Adam to architecture, with an emphasis on his design innovations. These include his introduction of the classical revival style in both architecture and interior decoration during the last half of the 1700s. The paper describes Adam as reacting against the Neo-Palladian styles that was in vogue in the first part of the century. The paper also touches on some of the artistic works that influenced Adam's style, such as Etruscan vases. Adam's interior design is also examined and noteworthy examples of his architecture and interior design are cited with illustrations.
Outline:
Interior and Exterior Designs Preceding and During the Time of Robert Adam
Adam's Visual Design Composition
Contextural Design
Adam's influence on Early Neoclassical Design
Conclusion
From the Paper "The materials used by the designers during the 18th century reflected the industrial revolution, in that they were able to utilize improved older materials. Bricks were fired at higher temperatures and became different colors. Stucco and ceramic tiles were also utilized, with decorative or highly colored motifs that carried designs or imitated brick. Improved casting techniques allowed designers to use decorative ironwork to create delicate, Neoclassical patterns that were used in balconies and window frames. Structural ironwork was also used in staircases, increases and iron plates that helped fireproof structures. "
Abstract This paper gives an overview of the ancient Mayan culture, with an emphasis on their art, religion and their daily lives. The author first examines the significance of the Mayan pyramids which still stand today. The pyramids are felt to give insights into the Mayan's religion and government. The paper continues by suggesting theories of why the Mayans disappeared. Despite the disappearance of ancient Mayans, the author suggests that cultural influences of the Mayans still exist in Central America today.
Outline:
Introduction-Who Were the Mayans?
The Case Against the Mayans
The Case for Mayan Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper "As for what architecture tells us about the Mayan people, the creation of pyramids and temples that were as large and time-consuming as those created by the Mayans indicate a race of people who were strong, intelligent, and willing to work together for a common goal. Very likely, Mayans were interested in their collective society, as well as their own families, and they worshiped their King. Religion was extremely important to them, as has been mentioned. They used their pyramids and other structures as places to worship, and reverence to their gods was a vital part of their daily lives."
Abstract The paper describes the Henderson Multigenerational Center, which is a recreational center that offers opportunities for exercise and game time, has a large aquatic complex with both indoor and outdoor pools and has a computer lab and an art gallery. The paper relates that the facility can be home to cultural events, lectures and courses as well as to sports leagues and teams. The paper notes that the recreational center can also be enjoyed by the physically and mentally challenged because its facilities were built with diversity in mind. The paper points out an environmental concern but concludes that the Multigenerational Center at Henderson is an inspiration for facility designers, planners and managers.
Outline:
Background of Facility
Description of Facility
Analysis of Facility
Analysis of Focus Area
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Multigenerational Center is located in Henderson, Nevada, a city that John F. Kennedy called a "city of destiny" (cited on "City History"). Today, Henderson is the second-largest city in Nevada. Its motto is "A Place to Call Home," and the Henderson Multigenerational Center reflects the demographics of the growing family-oriented community. Built in 2002 by the Dekker Perich Holmes Sabatini architectural firm, the recreational center also includes a large aquatic complex with both indoor and outdoor pools. Combined with the aquatic complex the Henderson Multigenerational Center totals 84,120 square feet (Brown, 2006)."
Abstract The paper relates that an increasing number of commercial and residential structures are using steel frame construction techniques due to their many advantages. The paper explains that because resources are by definition scarce, it is important to recognize when and where steel frame construction is an appropriate choice. The paper therefore examines the contemporary applications, properties, strengths and limitations of steel frame construction techniques.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Methodology
Discussion and Analysis
From the Paper "An increasing number of commercial and residential structures are using steel frame construction techniques today. The increased popularity of this building technique has grown from its early beginnings in Chicago a century and a half ago to become the building method of choice for many urban settings today. This increased use is directly attributable to a number of key advantages that steel frame construction has been shown to have over other construction techniques. For example, according to Fanjoy (2006), "While a versatile building material, lumber can pose a number of challenges to builders and remodelers: sudden and sizeable fluctuations in price, for example, or rot and dimensional instability due to exposure to moisture, either at the building site or after installation. But there is an alternative: steel framing" (3)."
