Abstract The study will focus on Georgian-style buildings such as houses, churches and government buildings built between 1700 and 1900. The architect, name of building and location will also be mentioned, with architectural descriptions of the design such as the facade, pediments, columns, windows, porch, bell tower, floor plans, layout, materials and structure. By understanding the many principles of this style of architecture, we can see how they were built, and why they have left a lasting impression in the minds of American architects.
A discussion of the significance of three sites in Boston's social history, the Second Church in Boston, the old Scollay Square and the modern City Hall Plaza.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper will examine the history and significance of the Second Church in Boston; the old Scollay Square and the modern City Hall Plaza built on the same site; and the John Hancock Tower. All three sites embody the theme of change, which has dominated the architectural history of the city. Each, in its own way, represents a window upon Boston's history and the social forces that shaped the fabric of the city.
Abstract This paper presents a prospectus for the construction of a Greek Temple. Many details are included in the prospectus such as materials to be used, number of workers who will complete the project and how it will be designed.
Abstract This seven-page undergraduate paper has selected six in groups of three, two and one respectively buildings which contrast strongly in their architectural style but are similar in type in that they are all places of worship. These buildings are characterized within their broader contexts of use and social significance. Moreover the architectural/aesthetic evaluations of these chosen buildings are presented.
Abstract This ten-page undergraduate paper examines the architecture of Albert Speer, and analyzes his guiding principles, the ideas behind his work, his innovative techniques, and his position within the Neoclassical movement in the Third Reich.
Abstract This paper is a critique on the stained glass windows of the Canterbury Cathedral of England providing an in-depth analysis of the Beckett windows, the Royal windows and the windows of the North Choir Aisles.
Abstract This paper compares the manifestos on twentieth century architecture. Walter Gropius proposed an architectural form that was purely functional, and based on art and engineering. De Stijl's movement proposed abstraction and simplicity. Kasimir Malevich believed in minimal art in the form based on his ideas. Theo van Doesburg proposed elemental and functional architectural form. Antonio Sant'Elia's architectural form was the only negative and revolutionary one.
Abstract This paper compares the two works of ancient art that inspired awe in the people of ancient Greece. These two sculptures have been revered by historians for centuries after their destruction. The writer discusses the physical characteristics and the reasons that these two statues were built and destroyed
From the Paper "For 56 years, the Colossus of Rhodes stood by the harbor in the city of Rhodes. One of the storied "seven wonders of the ancient world" was one of the most awe inspiring sites in all of Greece. However it's life was cut short by a massive earthquake. In much of the same manner that the Colossus of Rhodes was built to worship the sun god, Helios, the statue of Athena Parthenos was built to worship the goddess Athena."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and career of American architect, Benjamin H. Latrobe. Latrobe's education and early work experience in Europe is examined, as well as his architectural style. The paper also discusses the great American public landmarks designed and built by Latrobe. A summary of his contributions to America concludes the paper.
From the Paper "Benjamin H. Latrobe was born in 1764 in Fulneck, England. He was raised in England. As a young man Latrobe was taught at the Morvian school in Fulneck. This was where Latrobe received a base for his further education. After Morvian, he transferred to Nieski school in Germany. There he received an impressive education. Which was composed of a broad curriculum. He was taught in all the liberal arts and also classical and modern languages."
Tags: bank, of, philadelphia, water, works, capitol, jefferson
Abstract This paper examines how Bayreuth, a small town in Bavaria, Germany, is the site of the dream of one of the Romantic period's greatest composers, Richard Wagner. In particular, it focuses on "Der Ring des Nibelungen", or Ring Cycle, his opera of massive proportions, which required much more than the average opera, an opera house which was built specifically for its performance in Bayreuth. It shows how the building of the Festival House in Bayreuth was both one of Wagner's greatest achievements and a factor in one of his greatest losses and how, after his death, Wagner's widow, Cosima, carried on his wishes to have each of his latter operas performed in Bayreuth. It discusses how the festivals suffered slightly because of her strict adherence to the old ideas and how, because of this, the performers were based less on talent than on their willingness to follow her instructions.
From the Paper "Wagner had very specific desires on what type of town would hold his opera house. He wanted ?one of the less large towns in Germany, favourably sited and capable of accommodating an unusual number of guests, and in particular a town in which there would be no danger of clashing with a large existing theatre.? (Wagner, iv) He did not want the actual house to be of any extravagance either; he thought to make it only of wood, only desiring to make the place large enough to properly perform his cycle. Wagner chose Bayreuth not only because it fit his description but also because it was close to his patron (King Ludwig II of Bavaria) and because certain town authorities were eager to assist Wagner."
Abstract This paper examines how Antonio Gaudi's architecture reflects many elements of Gothic architecture in its design and construction. It looks at how Gaudi's choice of using Gothic architecture was not simply a choice that was motivated by some strange aesthetic reasoning. It shows, through an analysis of Gaudi's interpretations of his work, how, in fact, he choose Gothic and Islamic influences that represented the shade and elements of the traditional architecture of Catalonia at the time, which was overwhelmingly Gothic.
From the Paper "Part of the reasoning for Gaudi's choice of a Gothic style of architecture was due to influences beyond the purely aesthetic. To be certain, he had a great reverence for Gothic art and he appreciated some its most important ideas, especially those which dealt with the issue of monumentalism and the idea of the way the piece of architecture was perceived was more important than the regular formal design of the structure itself. However, for Gaudi, at this time, there was also a very sincere political element to the structure of his design as well. At this point, the region of Spain which he was from, Catalonia, was very much engaged in a nationalist revival and had desires to separate from the rest of Spain?indeed, citizens of Catalonia even speak a different language, Catalan, than the language, known as Castilian, which we normally think of as ?Spanish.?"
Tags: islam, catalonia, la, segrada, familia, church
Abstract Modernism is the search for a universality. The break from this search is creatively named postmodernism. Postmodernism is the belief that there is no universal constant and that everything is subject to context. The Vietnam Veterans' Memorial is an example of postmodern architecture. The wall is significant because it is one of the first memorials in this country to break from the modern view of architecture. By using postmodern ideological criticism of the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial, this paper discovers that remembrance is a non-universal act, different for every person.
From the Paper "On April 19, 2000 the Oklahoma City Memorial opened to the public. The Memorial was built to remember the tragic events of five years earlier, the bombing of the Alfred P Murrah federal building in downtown Oklahoma City. The memorial was designed by Hans and Torrey Butzer. The Butzers were the winners of a competition pool of over 630 entries. The design for the memorial is based heavily on the postmodern nature of the Butzers? architectural upbringing. The University of Texas at Austin's school of architecture is known for its postmodern views of form and function."
Tags: city, communication, criticism, memorial, oklahoma, postmodern, rhetoric, rhetorical
Abstract This paper explains that despite the Koran's strictures against sumptuousness and grandeur, the mosques are built with opulence and splendor. The author points out that early Islamic art offers a striking contrast to Christian art and architecture by the avoidance of religious symbolism found in Christian churches and art. The paper relates an additional feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra: the ziyadas, an outer enclosure or extension common to early Islamic mosques which surrounds the structure on the north, east and west sides but not on the qiblah wall (the wall in the direction of Mecca which Muslims face in prayer).
From the Paper "On the north side of the Great Mosque stands a single, large minaret, a lofty tower surrounded by one or more projecting balconies from which the summons to prayer is cried by the muezzin. Yet with this particular minaret, the builders decided to shape it in the form of a ziggurat, a stepped, truncated pyramid based on Assyrian architecture reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamia. But the minaret at Samarra was most probably inspired by a certain kind of spiral tower of unknown purpose found in Sassanid, a dynasty of the Persian kings of the third to the seventh centuries in present-day Iran."
Abstract This paper briefly describes the cultural style of classicism. It then looks at how this style is portrayed in music, architecture, and art.
From the Paper "In order to determine the 18th century's manifestation of Classicism, it is important to understand what the term means. Classicism, or Neo-Classicism is used to ?characterize the culture of 18th-century Europe, and contrasted with 19th-century Romanticism (unknown, Classicism).? In ?art, music, and literature, it is a style that emphasizes the qualities traditionally considered characteristic of ancient Greek and Roman art, that is, reason, balance, objectivity, restraint, and strict adherence to form (unknown, Classicism).? Classicism is ?characterizing art in which adherence to recognized aesthetic ideals is accorded greater importance that individuality of expression (sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/glo/romanticism).? "
Abstract To consider modern architecture, this paper considers the various steps that have occurred. It begins with a consideration of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) architects and proceeds to Team X. This is followed by a look at New Brutalism and then leads to a look at the current state of architecture. This gives a view of the current state of architecture, as well as providing the context that allows the current state to be understood. From there, the paper looks ahead to the future of architecture and predicts what that future will look like, based on the trends that have been identified. The paper shows that architecture is ever-changing, while providing an overview of the changes that have taken place until now and the changes that can be expected to take place, leading to the future.
From the Paper "Architecture will never achieve some perfect state where everyone accepts that the one best form has now been achieved. The reason for this is that what is considered best changes as people change. This aspect applies to architecture as much as it does to any other art form or any item produced in society. People in one generation may strive for a certain perfect form and they may even achieve it in their lifetime. However, even if they do, this form does not become the one perfect standard, never changing again. Instead, the next generation considers what has been created before and strives to achieve something. If architecture is considered as art, this is the same process that occurs with all other forms of art. For example, literature created centuries ago does not remain as the one perfect form for literature. Shakespeare's work is still considered great, but the writers of today rarely create works similar to Shakespeare?s. Instead, they create works that reflect modern society, while possibly taking aspects of Shakespeare's work and building on them. This creates a continual process of change, where one form grows into others. If architecture is considered as practical rather than artistic, it can be likened more to research-based developments. For example, the automobile was first developed in the early 20th century. Since that time, technical developments have seen it change considerably. These changes are also in response to changing society. For example, currently environmental issues are a social concern. For this reason, automobiles are beginning to develop with alternatives modes of fuel. Overall, this shows that architecture is like everything else in society, in that it will be constantly changing as society changes, while each generation will consider the works that have gone before it, assess them, make changes, and in doing so, continue the development of the field."
