From the Paper
"The great revolution in Roman architecture is generally dated from the time of Nero's Domus Aurea (64-69 AD). But the expanded repertory of architectural shapes and procedures that was the foundation of that revolution first began to come together in the time of the Republic. Increased wealth and important political changes created a growing demand for architectural projects of all sorts. Simultaneously, the expansion of Roman power brought more Greek influences directly to Rome. Then, when the development of the potential of concrete construction made Roman innovations in vaulting and domes possible, architecture sped forward. The decades prior to Sulla's brief reign as dictator were particularly productive ones for architecture. But the subsequent periods of civil war and the emergence of an old-fashioned official taste under the..."

From the Paper
"The Uffizi, in Florence, was a culmination in the long tradition of public architecture in the Italian city-states. In communes, republics, or princely states, the citizens or rulers of these towns and cities had patronized the design and construction of public buildings and spaces that directly reflected the nature of the polity. With the violent end of the Florentine Republic and the return of the Medici family as hereditary rulers of an expanding state, a new variant was needed to describe the novel state of affairs. Cosimo I, the second Medici duke, and his son Francesco I, required public architecture that would simultaneously detach the Florentines from their republican past and legitimate the rule of the Medici. Cosimo's commission to Giorgio Vasari to build the Uffizi, in which various state functions would be centralized, and..."

Abstract
Examines medieval style of church architecture. Looks at its symbolism, politics & economics. Discusses issues of theology and provides examples. Analyzes the connection to Scholasticism and the monarchy

From the Paper
" The Gothic cathedral movement was a complex phenomenon but its relationship to the culture of the later Middle Ages has sometimes been idealized. In this view the churches were seen primarily as evidence of the selfless devotion of the populations of western Europe to the worship of God. The intricate symbolism of the buildings and their decoration, analogies between architecture and scholasticism, the allocation of vast resources to construction, and the impressive range of technical and stylistic innovation all demonstrate the extent to which the intellectual, economic, administrative, technical and artistic energies of the age were channeled into the creation of the cathedrals. And it cannot be denied that this era of pilgrimages and crusades was a time of intense religious feeling. But to view the cathedrals merely as a manifestation of popular.."

From the Paper
"Palaces are the least common type of architectural survival among the major categories of Islamic architecture. Palaces were not often built to last, and the few exceptional buildings that have survived are either very recent or were abandoned long ago and have been excavated. Yet the desert palaces of Mshatta, in Jordan, and Ukhaidir, in Iraq, have not only survived, but also provide valuable information about the history of early Islamic architecture. The two structures, which were built under different dynasties, were probably constructed within a short time of each other and have a number of important similarities. But the Mshatta palace shows the end of one early era in Islamic architecture and the Ukhaidir palace shows the emergence of the next phase. Taken together they demonstrate the cultural shift from early western architectural influence to the primarily.."

From the Paper
"The New York Yacht Club is located in Manhattan at 37 West 44th Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It was built by architects Whitney Warren and Charles Wetmore in 1899-1900. Both the interior and the exterior of the building, as seen in photographs, feature many aspects of the Baroque revival style.

The Yacht Club does not have the bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the fa"ade that characterizes many Baroque buildings. Instead, the limestone and marble fa"ade features three identical bays located to the left of the entrance, which occupies a bay of its own. The entrance bay is distinguished in several ways from the other three. The entry is at street-level, and the doorway is cut out of the limestone in fairly simple fashion. In this it echoes the windows, one for each bay, that make up the rest of the basement story. The windows at this..."

From the Paper
"The rapid, steady development of Essex County, Massachusetts led to the creation of an architectural landscape that, by the end of the colonial period, differed considerably from those of other rural regions of New England. The Fuller houses of Middleton demonstrate the type of house that predominated in Middleton and similar Essex communities. The history of the family displays a common pattern for the region as the economically advanced Fullers moved into an outlying area and, building on their advantage, became leading citizens of the township that grew up around them.

Recent scholarship has challenged some of the prevailing notions about the village settlement and architectural makeup of New England towns. Joseph Wood's studies of settlement patterns have demonstrated that the notion that the villages of New..."

From the Paper
"Robert Mills' (1781-1859) Treasury Building, in Washington, D. C., is a prime example of the neoclassical architecture that the politicians, planners, and architects of the nineteenth century felt was appropriate for the American capitol. The building is located on the west side of Fifteenth Street, between Pennsylvania and New York Avenues. It was constructed in the years 1836-42. An analysis of its setting, scale, technique, and function demonstrates how the rationality and grandeur of this style were used by Mills to give suitable form to official Washington.

President Andrew Jackson appointed Mills Surveyor of Public Buildings in 1836. Mills was also responsible for the Patent Office (1836-40, now the National Portrait Gallery), the Old Post Office (1839-42, now the International Trade Commission), and the ..."

Abstract
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C

From the Paper
"Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.

The earliest settlers in the Nile Valley reached the area some time around 4000 B.C., emerging from the neolithic culture of the Tasian villages of Upper Egypt and those of Merimdeh on the western edge of the Delta and on the shore of the lake in the ..."

Abstract
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.

From the Paper
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Surrounded by faked-up Tudor buildings and busloads of tourists, the large bridge is dwarfed by the majesty of the desert Southwest. The entire enterprise stands as a monument to a deep human appreciation for irony, for what else could explain the immense cost and energy that went into transporting such an immense structure such a long way for so very little purpose.

But this peculiar structure in the desert is in fact not the real London Bridge at all (if any bridge can in fact lay claim to that title, which seems unlikely), but the New London Bridge, designed in 1831 by the Scottish engineer John Rennie ..."

From the Paper
"The Los Angeles Central Library consists of a nearly-destroyed building that was elaborately rehabilitated and its expansive addition. The choice to rehabilitate was made on the grounds that it was an historic building worthy of preservation. The building was held to have symbolic importance, to make a vital aesthetic contribution, and to provide badly needed public space to the heavily developed downtown area. The facility was expanded with an eight-story wing that houses the great majority of the library's public functions. The attempt to replicate most practical and decorative features of the public spaces in the old building has produced a very large landmark that also serves a valuable public function.

The Los Angeles Public Library system's Central Library building is located in downtown Los Angeles on a large two-block ..."

Abstract
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,

From the Paper
"Introduction
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,


From this perspective, the bold monumentality of the twelfth century project reflects the reassertion of royal power under Louis VI and Louis VII; the forceful reign of Philip Augustus finds its architectural expression in the triumphant stability of the west facade; the spiritual charisma of Louis IX resonates..."

Abstract
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15

From the Paper
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15). Although these structures can hardly be considered beautiful, they constitute..."

Abstract
This paper looks at Lancaster, CA , one of the greatest success stories of Los Angeles County which grew from a non-existent area to a busy suburb in less than a century. It evaluates its history from its discovery in 1876 through the major building projects that were undertaken during the economic boom of 1920s to receiving city status in 1977 and examines its development with services such as post offices, schools and hotels over the years. Today Lancaster is a highly urbanized city and it boasts of a very well educated community. With a land area of close to 229.975 square kilometers, this city is quite self-sufficient as people have easy access to all modern facilities and well-known supermarket chains.

From the Paper
"It is amazing that by 1930s, there were literally no medical clinics in the area. Lyle Sadler in his early recollections of Palmdale and Lancaster confirms the lack of medical facilities in this area. He writes, ?For many years there were no doctors in Palmdale and a good part of the time none in Lancaster either--people took care of themselves and each other or went for Mom Everett, a midwife who delivered most of the babies, scarcely ever lost one either. She was a pretty good substitute for a doctor.? (See reference 2) Therefore the opening of its first big hospital in 1963 was a grand occasion for people here."

Tags: suburb, city, schools, services, community, los, angeles

From the Paper
"The definite purpose of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is unknown to any living person, but many scholars have speculated on the purpose and on the many other mysteries associated with the Egypt-ian pyramids. Thousands of articles and books, both scholarly and popular, have been written about the Egyptian pyramids. After all, "the Pyramids of Egypt are immensely large, immensely ancient, and by general consensus, extremely useless" (Mendelssohn 9). Towering above them all, the Great Pyramid of Khufu stands alone, unique in both size and proportion. Its base covers 13 acres, or 7 midtown blocks of the city of New York. Over this large area, over two-and-a-half million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing as much as 70 tons, as high as a modern forty-five story building (Tompkins 1). The Pyramid continually captivates the minds of scholars and sparks the imagination of nearly everyone who discover (...)"

Tags: EGYPT

From the Paper
"Designing and remodeling bathrooms can be accomplished in a variety of ways for a variety of prices, from the high end which can cost many tens of thousands of dollars to the low end which can be accomplished for a few dollars. The three major components of the bathroom design are the bath, the sink, and the toilet. In addition to these, there are various accoutrements which complement the larger elements and which enhance the decoration. However, these objects themselves may be made from a variety of different materials of varying costs, from custom-made products at the high end to mass-produced products at the low end.

There are certain requirements of bathroom design which apply no matter what specific materials are being used, and these design principles help the designer achieve the overall.."