Abstract The paper is on the history and design of St. Etienne Cathedral in Bourges, France, which is a good example of gothic church architecture. The constuction of the cathedral is examined and the paper discusses typical French Gothic style.
From the Paper "St. Etienne Cathedral in Bourges, France is a good example of gothic church architecture. This edifice, along with Cathedral Chartres, is the first cathedral of the high-Gothic era and was the starting point for the typical French Gothic style. Construction on the cathedral began in 1195, and the choir was completed in 1214, the nave between 1225-1250, and the west facade sometime in the 1270's. The north tower fell in 1505 and was rebuilt in 1542 ("Cathedral, Bourges No. 1" paras. 1-2). The plan of the cathedral is simple and was derived from the plan for Notre-Dame de Paris. At least, the exterior is so derived, while the interior is quite different from that more famous cathedral. The basic structure involves double-sided aisles, and it is double ambulatory and has no transept. The volume of the nave is the same as the cathedral at Chartres, with a width of 15 meters and a height of 37.."
Abstract This paper is a critical book review and proposal on the book "Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies" by Reyner Banham, noting that the author points out how Los Angeles architecture involves a mixture of styles and a variety of responses to the environment of the city. In addition, Banham expands the concept of architecture by noting how much of Los Angeles is represented by specialized architecture like the freeway intersections that so represent the culture of the city.
From the Paper "California is often set forth as a cultural leader and as the state in which new ideas, fads, styles, and trends begin and then move out across the country. Los Angeles is a media leader in the United States and the world and so is one of the prime sources for these new concepts. A study of the architecture of Los Angeles can thus be seen as a look at the beginning point for many architectural movements and features and may suggest something about how the rest of the country relates to architecture. In this book by Reyner Banham, the author..."
Abstract In this article the writer takes a look at the similarities that exist in architectural design and fashion design in today's highly technologically advanced and globalized society. The writer points out that fashion and architectural design have passed through many phases as design technology has furthered the possibilities in design. The writer notes that it is now acknowledged among experts in the field, that architectural and fashion design intersect quite often in today's environment of designing products that are both attractive and that will serve the owner well. This study is of a qualitative nature and collects data in the form of information in these two design fields and then conducts what is an interpretive analysis of the information garnered from this study.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One
Background
Research Design
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter Two
The Connection between Fashion and Architecture
Historical Trends in Fashion & Architecture
Impacts of Globalization & Technology on Design
Conclusion
Chapter Three
Discussion of Major Trends & Analysis
Data Collection - A Survey of Modern Designs, Designers, Photos, & Theory
Data Analysis - Criteria: Function versus Image-Statement
An Exploration of a Couple of Modern Japanese Fashion Designers' Work
An Exploration of Hussein Chalayan's Work
Chapter Four
Technology
Importance Of Materials
New Technologies -Quest For New Textiles
How Techno-Textiles Have Increased The Possibilities Of Both Architecture And Fashion
How Do They Work In Practice?
Chapter Five
Conclusion
Is the Interaction Between Fashion And Architecture A Positive Outcome Of Our Modern Life?
Where Do We Go From Here? What Will The Future Of Fashion And Architectural Design Look Like?
Recommendations For Future Research
From the Paper "Today's architectural design and fashion design work have penetrated each others space. Fabrics are used in fashion design to create texture, color and to bring the design elements together into a whole. Architectural design uses the materials for building in much the same way and for the same purpose as each material, whether in fashion or architectural design creates a different effect on the same design. This research views the clothing of an individual making to shelter and provides a definition of our personal space such as do architectural structures although on a much larger scale. Fashion in clothing has allowed express in society for many millions of years. Generally it is those who have attained status within their cultural grouping that have the power to become trend-setters. Furthermore, color is greatly used as a matter of personal choice. Fashions vary greatly dependent upon age, social class, generation, occupation and geography. Fashion evolves constantly particularly in a capitalist society."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the era known as Baroque. This era was the time period between 1600 and 1750. The paper discusses how the Baroque era is generally associated with extravagant and ornamented art, music, architecture and styles. According to the paper, "Baroque" means "curious, odd, or strange" in French.
From the Paper "Baroque music was the period of musical styles that preceded the Classical Music Era, and followed the music of the Renaissance. The majority of what people today will refer to as "Classical Music" actually originated during the Baroque period. Composers from this period include J.S. Bach, George Friedrich Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, and Claudio Monteverdi, some of the most commonly known "household names" in Classical Music. Important innovations were made in music of this time period, such as music theory, diatonic tonality, and the development of imitative counterpoint (Wikipedia "Baroque Music"), so while the music of this era, like the visual art, is known for its ornamental showmanship, it is also vitally important to the development of serious Western music. Like Renaissance music, Baroque music uses a lot of polyphony and counterpoint, but in the Baroque era these same concepts were used in a different way as " the order of these consonances becomes important, for they begin to be felt as chords in a hierarchical, functional tonal scheme." (Wikipedia "Baroque Music") The role of ornamentation increased during the Baroque era and then diminished come the following Classical Era, and the role of the counterpoint which was important during the Baroque Era was also faded out when the Classical Era began. Vocal soloists, dramatic music expression, opera, clear and linear melody, development to modern Western tonality using major and minor scales, and homophony are among other features that typify the music of the Baroque era. Music was also an integral part of theater -- such as the introduction and popularity of opera -- and dance which were popular during the Baroque Era."
Tags: Louis, XIII, salem, witch, Pilgrims, Roman, Catholic, Church, opera
Abstract This paper outlines the history Trafalgar Square and how it came to be, as well as its importance to England's people and politics. The paper explains Trafalgar Square's importance to the layout of the city of London and looks at how one of its original secondary purposes was to be part of a fire break line. Additionally, the paper looks at how Trafalgar Square contributes to the ability of the people to thrive within the city on an ongoing basis. A timeline is included with the paper.
Outline:
The History of Trafalgar Square
A Timeline of Trafalgar Square
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Idea Behind the Square
The Architect
Walking the Square
Reinventing Trafalgar
Trafalgar Square Survives Obsolescence
From the Paper "The center of the square houses a large column with a statue of Captain Nelson at the top. The bronze lions surrounding Nelson's column are said to be made from the cannons of the ships the British Fleet captured during the battle (Wikipedia), and, I'm sure, makes it hard for anyone who sits on them to forget where they came from. The square was designed to draw attention to the column with a large area for seating or strolling available. Two fountains with statuary of mermen, mermaids, and dolphins made of bronze (Urban) adorn the square. The fountains were added in 1845 and remodeled in 1939 by Lutyens (Urban)."
Abstract This paper examines how, forming part of the propaganda machine, art and architecture were used largely for the glorification of the Nazi regime and the Aryan race and for the denunciation of Judaism, Bolshevism and what the Nazis thought of as "degeneracy." The paper looks at how, by enforcing changes in the art world and through the use of "new German" architecture, the Nazis sought to cleanse the fatherland of "degenerate art", which was seen as detrimental to the Volk, and to ensure the National Socialist movement's immortality through buildings that would survive to inspire future generations of the thousand year Reich.
From the Paper "Art held a place of high value in National Socialist ideology. Hitler who was an artist turned politician inspite of himself had said "art is the only truly enduring investment of human labour." Hitler linked artistic styles with race, claiming that the Weimar period's "degenerate art" was a result of "racial decline." The Fuhrer also linked art with politics saying "art has at all times been the expression of an ideological and religious experience and at the same time the expression of political will." According to Nazi ideology, only Aryans were the true bearers of culture, therefore only they could produce true art. The modern styles such as Cubism, Dadaism and Expressionism, which had flourished during the Weimar period were a result of "cultural Bolshevism" and influenced by the Jews. "
Abstract In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.
From the Paper "Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."
Abstract This paper describes the abundant erotic sculptures that adorn and embellish the twenty surviving temples of Khajuraho, which have fascinated scholars. In particular, the paper investigates the purpose for these voluminous, yet extremely refined and well sculpted, displays of the various Mithuna and more conspicuously the Maithuna couples, which are present not only on the outer walls of the complicated temple structures but also inside the temple space itself. The paper dismisses the notion of this erotic imagery simply being a public display of a private act but rather hypothesizes that the sculptures were used as part of the temples' architecture because they represent certain religious and cultural beliefs and practices, thus enhancing the worship of the respective deities.
From the Paper "In the case of Khajuraho the temples were commissioned by the Chandela kings as well as falling under royal patronage. The courtly spaces were becoming increasingly as sacred as the temple space itself. Thus the Brahmin class had to be constantly appeased and in such a bid was granted vast areas of land as dana. After the coming of castes into the societies, the kings had to keep the Brahmins happy as they were the only connection between them and the Gods in an inverted sense. To establish their divine genealogy they needed somebody to affirm their status. "
Abstract This is a paper about bridges. The author examines their function, history and design. Much attention is paid to different types of bridges such as arch, suspension, move-able bridges and floating bridges.
From the Paper " A bridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle. Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes. Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or house telecommunications lines.(1)
Some special types of bridges are defined according to function. An overpass allows one transportation route, such as a highway or railroad line, to cross over another without traffic interference between the two routes. The overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level while still letting the higher level flow easily. An aqueduct transports water. Aqueducts have historically been used to supply drinking water to densely populated areas. A viaduct carries a railroad or highway over a land obstruction, such as a valley.(1)"
Abstract A thorough history of the city of Fez, Morocco. The author examines the religions present in the city, and their influences upon each other as well the architectural designs of the city. Includes a timeline of the major events of the city.
From the Paper "The city of Fez is located in north-central Morocco, east of the capital city, Rabat. It is roughly 150 miles south of the Mediterranean and 150 miles inland from the Atlantic coast. Sited in a valley of the Middle Atlas Mountains and fed by the Wadi Fez River, the city has an excellent environment to prosper in. The lack of adverse natural conditions has caused the city to become a cultural, religious and commercial center in Morocco. Its location at the intersection of several important trade routes has kept the city one of the most technologically advanced in Africa. What has kept this city in such high regard by the millions of Muslims who visit it every year and the 570000 people who reside there? (www.i-cias.com) The answer lies in the rich history of Fez. "
Tags: africa, architecture, city, europe, history, islam, jew, madrasa, mosque, muslim
Abstract This paper describes the Piazza San de Marco in Venice. The author examines its origins, composition and symbolic meaning for the Venetian society.
From the Paper "In New York every tourist has to visit Times Square" (GoEurope). In Boston every tourist has to visit Quincy Market. While in Venice every tourist has to visit the Piazza San de Marco. The Piazza San de Marco is different then most of these tourist places. Instead of being corrupted by cars, the Piazza San de Marco is covered with pigeons. "
Tags: venice, tourist, visit, history, art, building
Abstract This paper examines the first through fourth styles of Roman wall painting. The author discusses artistic methods used, such as incrustation, illusion, and naturalism with shadow and light. The paper also looks at the influences on each style, and includes images of Roman wall paintings.
From the Paper "It is tempting to think of Roman art as all of a piece ? a series of unchanging and perfect classical sculptures of perfect male bodies stretching far away into the distance. But this of course is a picture of Roman art so simplified as to be almost entirely inaccurate. Roman art changed dramatically over the hundreds of years of the classical empire's greatness as artists acquired new techniques and new materials and came into new ideas as the long political arm of Rome grew ever longer and more and more cultures came under its domain. This paper looks at how dramatically one medium of art ? the wall painting ? changed in just a couple of centuries, beginning with the painting in the Samnite House in Herculaneum as an example of the First Style of Roman Wall painting and ending with the wall paintings of the Domus Aurus of Nero from 64 to 68 C.E. "
Abstract This paper presents sociological theories of what a community is and asks the question whether this can be artificially created using the Del Webb planned community in Arizona as a basis for the discussion.
From the Paper Del Webb is the nation's leading builder of active and adult lifestyle communities for people aged 55 and older. They are also the largest builder of single-family homes in the United States. So, when they built their master-planned community "Anthem" about 35 miles north of Phoenix, Arizona in the middle of the Southwestern desert, it would certainly follow that this community that itself sprung up out of nowhere in the middle of the desert like the fabled "Phoenix" would be a success.
Abstract The following paper discusses elements such as room size, room composition, room shape, and the location of the listener and sound source, when designing theater acoustics. Finding the ultimate impulse response with testing is also discussed.
From the paper:
?It has been considered that gross errors in concert hall design are rarely due to use of the wrong absorption coefficients, as most of the materials used are highly reflective. A theatre audience first hears sound generated from the source. Then they will hear attenuated bounces of sound off the walls. The sound is again and again reflected off the walls, resulting in total reverberation of the sound. In a large room such as a theatre, reverberation time can be as long as four seconds.?
Abstract This paper tracks the origin of minarets in the Islamic world. It shows the meaning of the word "minaret" the placement and importance of minarets in culture, as well as architectural characteristics.
From the Paper "There are many clues as to the origin of the word "minaret". It has been suggested that it comes from the Arabic root "nar", which means "place of fire and light". This is a correct assumption because, often times, the muezzin would carry a torch or lantern to light his way. This is supported by the definition for the Arabic word for "lighthouse" - manara (Bloom 9-11). In Aramaic, manara is translated as "candlestick" which would also be a sensible answer because minarets are often constructed as slim and elegant as possible to resemble candlesticks (Kjeilen "Minaret")"
