Abstract In the first section, this paper, discusses the peoples of the Kodiak Archipelago since the Late Holocene to present day compared to those of the Canadian Arctic. In the second part it explores biogeography, defining it and discussing how it is affected over time because of changes in climate and ecology.
From the Paper "The Kodiak Archipelago lies off the Pacific coast of Alaska and the islands traditionally belonged to the Alutiq peoples in Modern times who lived in large settlements, kept slaves and had a permanent elite Ames. There are four culture periods in the Late ..."
Tags: Kodial Archipelago, Canacian Arctic, East Arctic, biogeography
Abstract When one talks about the most beautiful, exotic, and diverse places on earth, the Galapagos Islands are bound to come up. This archipelago is home to countless species of animals that are totally unique to the islands. The paper shows that preservation and conservation of the Galapagos Islands is of world concern, and many groups are taking part, as well as the government that owns the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Although these players are not perfect, they are trying to do the best they can in order to save this pristine environment for future generations to enjoy, study, and learn.
Paper Outline:
Brief History of the Islands
Brief History of Conservation Efforts
Efforts by the Ecuadorian Government
Why Should the Islands Be Conserved?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The conservation movement in the Gal"pagos Islands really began in earnest in 1936. It was at this time that various scientific expeditions at the beginning of this century sounded the alarm of the killing of the giant tortoises and of the danger of their eventual extinction. It was at this time that the government of Ecuador took measures for the conservation of the animals. In 1936, the islands were declared a National Reserve with stricter regulations. In 1954 a movement was started to protect the species of the Gal"pagos and to found a center for scientific investigation on the islands."
Abstract This paper examines how the Southeast archipelago nation of Indonesia has made huge economic strides since its independence in 1949 and how it still has major hurdles to overcome. It looks at how terrorist threats exemplified by the existence of Al-Qaida training camps and recent bombings display the decrease in the military's strength and the legal system's inability to bring justice to the region. It also analyzes how the instability of the government's leadership and the rampant corruption at all levels poses significant risks as evidenced by the severe currency fluctuations, banking instability and successionist movements by several major islands.
From the Paper "Indonesia, one of the most populous nations in the world, possesses abundant natural resources. Though Indonesia's natural and acquired resources would seem to lend themselves to continued growth, the Southeast Asian island nation has struggled with sustainable economic development issues since winning its independence in 1949. As recently as 1997, Indonesia was one of the world's fastest developing nations economically and was a hotbed for foreign private investment."
Tags: bali, bank, imf, jakarta, java, megawati, pancasila, rupiah, suharto, timor
Abstract This paper looks at the scalloped hammerhead shark, which is found in the coastal regions of tropical, subtropical, and moderate climate zones all around the world. It discusses the physiology, social behavior, and reproduction of the shark. It also examines its feeding habits, its relationship to humans, and the threat to the species.
From the Paper "This aggressive fishing is a severe threat to the species due to the fact that they grow slowly, mature late, do not reproduce every year, and they give birth to few young. ?Kill a substantial proportion of adults, and the population will not be sustained.? (Klimely) The decline in adult sharks has forced fishermen to start hunting juveniles as well as mature sharks, which is a threat to the future of the species."
Abstract This paper explains that the group considered the Aleut people today are found mainly from the tip of the Alaska Peninsula all along the arc of the Aleutian Islands; however, the Alutiiq, are really more germane to the Kodiak Island area and its archipelago, known as the Kodiak area, lying about four hundred miles east of the Aleutians and on the mainland coasts from Chugach Bay to an area farther east. The author points out that nuclear mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies suggest an arrival time of about 30,000 years ago; they also suggest that migration is much more complex than previously thought and that multiple migrations and expansion of ancient peoples contributed to genetic diversity in all Siberian and Amerindian peoples, including the Aleut and Alutiiq. The paper reports that, in September 1998, an organization representing the Aleut people, the first indigenous one in more than 178 years, was formed to take care of the sociopolitical and business needs of the Aleut and Alutiiq.
From the Paper "Several researchers have advanced the theory that the peopling of the New World involved a northeasterly trending Siberial coastal drift along the continental shelf coast of the Seal of Okhotsk, the Kamchatka Peninsula and along the southern coast of the Bering land bridge. Those same researchers think that because of the glaciation still present in the area of the Aleutian chain, the settlement happened via interior settlement. In other words, those who migrated into the interior later trekked, clambered or boated amidst the pack ice to populate, eventually, the archipelagos, including the Aleutians. This same second migratory wave of Siberian peoples also settled the British Columbia coast, and later drifted further south toe southern California. The same researchers say that the dental morphology of the prehistoric California Indians is much like that of all other Indians of North and South America, and very unlike that of the Aleuts and Alutiiq, which is in opposition to earlier theories."
Abstract This paper explains that the original inhabitants of Venezuela were the Caribs and the Arawaks, who inhabited the regions extending from the South American mainland to the Caribbean archipelago. The author points out that there are only two seasons in Venezuela--the wet season from May to November and a dry season; the average temperatures are temperate ranging between 70F and 85F year round but the mountains often record much cooler temperatures. The paper relates that the Venezuelan economy is dominated by petroleum products; ninety-five percent of the country's exports and 30 percent of its gross national product are petroleum related.
From the Paper "It was on Christopher Columbus' third voyage, in 1498, that he first spotted Venezuela, after landing on Trinidad, which lies across the Gulf of Paria from the Venezuelan coast. He ventured to the mainland a few days later and declared the region for Spain as a Spanish colony. Twenty-four years later, the first permanent Spanish settlement, Nuevo Toledo, was established. After many years of struggle, in 1830, Venezuela finally became a sovereign country."
Abstract This paper analyzes the life and accomplishments of Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin. The writer of this paper examines Stalin's role as the leader responsible for the conversion of communism in the Soviet Union from an egalitarian revolutionary movement into that of an authoritative bureaucratic governmental system, while focusing on his political and military career between 1921-1932. Stalin began his political career by joining the Social Democratic Party of Georgia in 1901. This well-researched paper discusses the views of numerous biographers who have described Stalin as a plodding figure with brutality as his main distinguishing feature. Stalin is considered the man responsible for the deaths of some 20 million people of which more than 14 million died needlessly from hunger. Stalin also deported, exiled or imprisoned in work camps more than nine million people. It is estimated that five million of the people sent by Joseph Stalin to the Gulag Archipelago never came back alive. This paper explores Stalin's intellectual strength and cunning which was first noticed upon his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist party in 1922. The rise of Stalin to power was a mix of factors as well as fate. These factors include his character and his relentless quest for power, the revolutionary zeal of Leon Trotsky, the rise of the bureaucrats and the role played by his comrades in power. The writer explains how all these factors impacted on Stalin's leadership style.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Rise of Stalin
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The strength of his intelligence and cunning was to be seen that when he came to become a General Secretary of the Communist party in 1922, he cultivated the bureaucracy and by using his maneuvering and administrative skills ensured that his potential rivals in the party were marginalized and it was this amassing of power by Stalin that made Lenin worry about the role of Stalin and call for his removal that did not take place as Lenin did not live long enough after that to see that Stalin did not utilize this accumulation of strength in the party as the means to get to the top of the existing power system in the Soviet Union. It could be said that fate also played a part in assisting the rise of Stalin to power by removing Lenin from the scene by his death. In the earlier days Lenin was the idol of Stalin and they built up a friendship that was to aid Stalin in his initial rise to power in the Communist Party. Stalin used this platform that was built on his looking on Lenin as an idol and the friendship that started between the two of them as his launching pad to power."
Abstract The paper presents a narrative of what a traveler to the Bahamas can reasonably expect to see and experience vis-a-vis culture and food. In particular, the paper describes the Bahamas' Junkanoo Festival and time is also be devoted to exploring the rich mosaic of art, music and dance that makes the Bahamas one of the most enjoyable tourist escapes anywhere in the world. Finally, the paper concludes with a look at the archipelago's revered cuisine - a sumptuous banquet that has enticed visitors to the region for as long as anyone can remember. In the final analysis, what emerges from this brief narrative is an appreciation of the richness and vibrancy that makes the Bahamas so different from almost anywhere else.
Discusses issues surrounding the Canadian Arctic such as an ongoing dispute over sovereignty, climatic change, Aboriginal needs, mineral exploitation and matters of defense capability.
Abstract The paper relates that Canadians refer to Arctic Canada as an inland waterway, an archipelago of islands separated by the Northwest Passage, which is claimed by Canada. However, the U.S. and European powers assert that the Northwest Passage is an international sea route. The author points out that, if Canada cannot control and supervise shipping, then there is the likelihood of great environmental damage and the inability of Canada to ascertain if dangerous vessels are traversing the passage. The paper explains that the Inuit, who occupy the area claimed by the U.S as international waters, back the assertion of Canadian sovereignty and the enlargement ot the federal military and civilian administration roles in the Arctic. The author concludes that Canada is committed to the idea that the internationalization of the Northwest Passage represents serious liabilities for Canadians in the region, the environment and geo-political factors.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Meaning of Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
The American Perspective
Security and Defense
An Arctic, not Canadian Arctic Shipping Route
Last Remarks
From the Paper "Prime Minister Stephen Harper's approach has repeated the sentiment of Professor McCrae, in Arctic sovereignty as something that Canada must 'use' or lose. Canadians living in southern areas, critical of the much increased military spending of Harper's government, are generally of kinds to forget the vital everyday roles played by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) with regard to the Arctic region. Part of this military investment involves a strong effort to build up the visible CAF presence in the high Arctic, while expanding Arctic capabilities in defense, communications, search and rescue, and civilian services."
Tags: strategic, oil, diamond, inuit, ice, military
Abstract This paper uses the information gathered from interview with an Indonesian student to describe Indonesia. The paper describes the country's complex population mix and its political system, noting that 88% of its people are Muslim and that it has a secular democracy political system where corruption unfortunately is a widespread phenomenon. Indonesia's relations with other countries and its economy are also briefly discussed.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Indonesian Population
The Indonesian Political System
The Indonesian Relationships with other Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper "Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world. Indeed, it has 228 millions of inhabitants. Many tribes live in Borneo and Irian Jaya. Besides, the Chinese, whose integration is rather difficult, are a significant minority. The official Indonesian language is called "Bahasa Indonesia," and is almost spoken by everyone. However, some local languages are often used all over the country and more and more people speak English. From a religious point of view, there are serious tensions between the Christian and the Muslim today."
