Abstract Recent developments in science completely disprove the theory of evolution. The only reason Darwinism is still foisted on people by means of a worldwide propaganda campaign lies in the ideological aspects of the theory. This essay clarifies the scientific collapse of the theory of evolution for the layman. It reveals the frauds and distortions committed by evolutionists to "prove" evolution.
From the Paper "The claim of the common ancestry of apes and men, put forward by Charles Darwin in his book "The Descent of Man" in 1871, has since paved the path to today's scientific world. When Darwin proposed his supposed scientific theory in 1859, England, nor any other parts of the world, boasted the discipline of biophysics, genetics or biochemistry to justify his claims. Yet, even today, with the advancement in the scientific fields of genetics, biophysics, and biochemistry, Darwin's unscientific, illogical, and baseless claims still endure to influence to day's science. The justification of the Evolution Theory has been falsely spread through the propaganda of the media, and can be justly compared with the absurdity of the evolution of the fairy-taled frog-prince! There is no scientific evidence that back up the origin of man from apes, and likewise, no scientific evidence that frogs turn to handsome princes! The absurdity of it all is obvious and clear, and yet, is followed by the staunchest followers in the world!"
Abstract This paper stresses that, even when speaking of the natural processes, it has been difficult to determine whether alterations to bone were by burning and heating, which would indicate cannibalism for nutrition, or by natural processes. The author points out that whether homo sapiens practiced cannibalism, the American Association for the Advancement of Science has come in on the side of the cannibalism debate, at least as far as our ancestor Neanderthals go. The paper indicates that the research on cut marks on bone is divided into prehistoric sites, early historic sites, and sites where there is a generally reliable linguistic record.
Table of Contents
The Beginning of the Debate
The Debate Filters Out of Academia
International Debate
Pro-cannibalism Evidence
The Oldest Part of the Debate Continues Under Investigation
Violence and Death, Without Cannibalism
Modern Cannibalism
Modern Deaths and Cut Marks
From the Paper "While the controversy about cannibalism vis a vis cut marks originated in Asian sites, it has become a hot topic vis a vis U.S. sites in the southwest as well, and not only concerning the Anasazi. Billman, Lambert and Leonard grappled with it in excavating 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. They examined battered, broken bones from seven individuals in two adjacent pithouses there, including mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent, and the remains of two subadults."
Abstract This paper discusses various theories based on literature, science, archaeology, oceanography, and religion to provide an interdisciplinary look at the legend of Atlantis. Using the ideas of Brazilian scientist, Arysio Nunes dos Santos, R. Cedric Leonard, and several other thinkers, a hypothesis is formed about the vestiges of this ancient society.
From the Paper "The Mediterranean Sea has been also looked at as a possibility, and on the surface, it might seem quite believable that an advanced civilization did exist in that area. Plato believed that the island of Atlantis flourished approximately 9,000 years before his time. However, it is believed that the philosopher might have miscalculated, for about 900 years before Plato's time, there was a civilized people known as the Minoans, who inhabited what is now the Island of Crete. They were a very advanced nation with many parallels to Atlantis, including their peacefulness, their love of bullfighting (common in Spain, another Mediterranean country), their advanced irrigation system, and equal rights for women."
Abstract This paper briefly discusses the origins of artifactual communication in Mesopotamia about 10,000 years ago. It explains how researchers believe that this form of Mesopotamian communication eventually evolved into the alphabet and how the artifactual media were used to communicate a message. Also noted are the different types of artifactual communications that have been used over time and which are still in use.
From the Paper "The Persian Gulf nation of Iraq may be widely known today for war, for oil, and for Sadaam Hussein's alleged weapons of mass destruction. But very few people likely know that in fact, Iraq played a pivotal historical role in the development of non-verbal, or artifactual, methods of communication. About 10,000 years before the 2003 U.S. attack on Hussein's regime, the very first human-made artifactual communication system was created in what was then Mesopotamia ? and today is Iraq. According to the University of Texas Professor of Art & History, Denise Schmandt-Besserat, the Mesopotamian people developed a system of clay tokens ? used for accounting purposes ? around 8,000 B.C. These clay tokens were utilized for about 5,000 years, and though they had little to do with speech, it is believed the original alphabet evolved from the tokens."
Abstract This paper takes a chronological look at the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt from its founding to its eventual end and integration into the Roman Empire under Caesar. It also looks at the succession of Ptolemaic rulers, the Ptolemy governments, and the infrastructure and economy established under these rulers. Included are descriptions of the significant aspects of the culture and religion of that era. The paper also covers the fall of the Ptolemaic empire and the events and characters in history that contributed to the fall.
From the Paper "After entering Egypt with no resistance, Alexander the Great stayed in Egypt about six months. (Platt and Ashwani 1985) From there he marched east into Asia and onto the plains of Indus, (modern day India). Before departing for points east Alexander appointed a nobleman from Macedonia satrap, (governor), of Egypt. His name was Ptolemy. In 306 B.C. having been part of ongoing civil wars with the other generals from Alexander's campaigns, Ptolemy declared himself king, and later god-king, of Egypt. Thus began the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt."
Abstract When people think of the Humanoid genus, Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis (HSN), they picture a very primitive creature, simplistic in nature, with few social complexities.This paper explains that, upon close examination of several Neanderthan archaeological sites, one will find the Neanderthal man had all of the necessary elements for the beginning of the formation of modern society. It was once thought that these elements were only present in Neanderthan culture after contact with Home Sapiens sapiens (HSS). However, evidence now exists that suggests that Neanderthals were already well on their way to developing a formal, but rudimentary, culture well before contact with HSS. This research examines these findings using evidence gathered from the Petralona, Larga Velhol, St. Cesaire, Shanidar, and Arago sites. This research supports the thesis that Neanderthals had the beginnings of an advanced society prior to contact with Home Sapiens sapiens and that the disappearance of the Neanderthan culture was a result of the intermixing of HSN species with HSS species.
From the Paper "The use of language by Neanderthal man has been as issue of contention since the first discoveries of the culture. Some archeologists paint the picture of Neanderthal man as a highly advanced mammal with little or no language capability. However, this is inconsistent with other findings. One of the keys to deciphering these arguments is to be careful in the definition of language. There are many aspects to the term "language". One might consider language to consist of a series of non-verbal cues and sounds that to modern man would not seem like a language, as we know it today. The silver-backed gorilla and chimpanzee have been found to have an advanced language of this type and have even been able to learn out language by way of sign language in some cases. Neanderthal man was more advanced in other areas than these other primates in tool usage and manufacture, and other areas of advanced culture. It would stand to reason then, that they had a language, at least as advanced as that of the more advanced primates of today. Perhaps the language of today's advanced primates is more complex than we are aware and it is simply a case of us not being able to understand or to pick up on subtleties known only to native speakers. Let us now examine the evidence."
Abstract This paper offers a plan on how to best teach the subject of ancient history. The author states that it would be nearly impossible to present every aspect of human culture and civilization up to 1650 in a single course and that it would, therefore, be wiser to emphasize those events in history that are most relevant to today's society. The paper then states that the most effective way to present these events is chronologically and that, since the course is designed for American students, a great deal of the course should be spent on the study of American history. According to the author, the topic of early American history would address the discovery of America, original explorers, and their interactions with Native Americans, such as Aztecs, Incas, and Maya Indian groups, and the subsequent European settlements.
From the Paper "I, however, think that a chronological study of history is most effective for a number of reasons. Firstly, time, not geography, is the basis for how civilizations develop. In other words, almost every civilization has been influenced by one of the past, regardless of how different in scope they are. For example, the United States? primary influence was that of Colonial England, but it does not end there. Colonial England has influences that date back to the times of Rome, and maybe even Ancient China. Civilizations, no matter what the time period, were not formed within a vacuum?they all had influences, whether directly or indirectly. For that reason, it is best to analyze history through time, and through the developments of the human race as a whole. By examining the entire history of man, we can put the regional developments into context."
Abstract This paper constructs a comparison between what we can learn about the Vikings and the people they encountered. based on a review of the relevant literature, followed by a discussion and summary of the research in the conclusion. It includes a history of how Vikings spread around Northern Europe, explains the other civilizations they encountered, and how these people perceived them.
From the Paper "There was an unbroken chain of events which led to the exploration of Iceland, Greenland and ultimately Vinland. "The discovery and attempted colonization of Vinland were the logical outcome of the great Scandinavian migrations that spilled over northern Europe in the early Middle Ages, the ultimate reach of the Norse surge to the west: it was on the Atlantic seaboard of North America that this huge impetus was finally exhausted" (Magnusson & Palsson, 1965, p. 11)."
Abstract The Battle of Kadesh, undoubtedly one of the most important military campaigns in world history, was generally fought between Rameses II and the Hittites, then under the rule of Muwatallish, and other interested parties. It was primarily focused on the control of Syrian territory. In order to fully understand this great conflict, this paper examines the events that led up to this battle, due to the fact that it took hundreds of years for this event to become part of Egyptian history.
From the Paper "During the years of the 19th dynasty in ancient Egypt, Rameses II, the son of Seti I, ascended the throne and reigned for sixty-seven years, the longest period of Pharaonic rule in the ancient kingdom bound by the great River Nile. As was typical of this and other reigns, the threat of foreign invasion was always of great concern, for the enemies of the state believed that it was their duty to test the strength and domination of any new Pharaoh; it was also the duty of this Pharaoh to demonstrate his superiority through a display of his strength, usually in war, in order to maintain the peace. Thus, in his fifth year as Pharaoh, Rameses II waged a series of campaigns against his enemies the Hittites and all those who supported them. The Hittites, however, proved to be a very powerful enemy, and Rameses II, by no means a weak and inefficient ruler, was determined to subdue his foes in the north. His military campaign against the Hittites lasted for twenty years, but in the end, Rameses II prevailed and proved his worth to not only his own people but to those who sought to destroy him and the Egyptian empire."
Abstract Discusses how this is an important archaeological site. Contains some of the oldest recorded artifacts found in North America. Considers samples taken from the Caves and describes the eastern Great Basic area.
From the Paper "Danger Cave is in Utah, in the eastern Great Basin area (Aikens 1983: 169). It is a cluster of dry caves in the Great Salt Lake region and contains artifacts from before the Paleo-Indian period through the Archaic period, and up to 25..."
Abstract This paper explores the influence ancient Greece and ancient Egypt have had on different aspects of today's culture and civilization. The paper also compares and contrasts the architecture, government, and social status of each society.
From the Paper "The ancient Greeks had ?city-state democracies where all the citizens assembled and a majority ruled and the government was ?of the, by and for the people (Rosenfeld, Democracy).? A city-state was comprised of the city, as well as the land and small villages around it. Athens and Sparta were the largest of these city-states. Sparta was concerned with its military force. The males were ?trained to be soldiers and lived in military barracks until they were 30 years old (unknown, Greece).? In contrast, Athens was a cultural and art center, producing ?architecture, drama, sculpture, and poetry still admired today (unknown, Greece).? Athenians were looked upon with resentment and jealously by other Greek city-states when they ?developed a system of government known as democracy, which gave every free man a vote and the right to hold office (unknown, Greece)."
Abstract This paper presents a study of Mesoamerican history, social structure, political system, and religious beliefs. The paper discusses the stratification of society into serfdom and nobility and how this affected the Mesoamerican political system and looks at the external influences on Mesoamerican religion. Literature from authorities on Mesoamerican culture is referenced and cited throughout the paper.
From the Paper "Not only did both societies recognize different ranks of nobility and accord special titles to the heads of noble houses and lords of domains, but in both Spanish and Mesoamerican society, great leeway and regional variation existed in the use of terminology, and, once can surmise, in the fluidity and interdependence of society. In both Spanish and Mesoamerican/Andean society, some commoners rose to be nobles, through wealth or notable deeds, while some borderline nobles were indistinguishable from commoners. In central Mexico as well as Spain, commoners varied greatly in wealth, and significant groups of merchants, retainers, and craftsmen stood out from the mass of commoner-agriculturalists in one way or another."
Abstract This paper discusses how the war waged against Iraq by U.S. forces has resulted in the destruction of more than just military sites. It explains how many of Iraq's cultural sites, including museums, libraries, and significant ancient sites, have been the victims of destruction.
From the Paper "An early tourist guide on Iraq, which was printed in 1982 states ?Few countries in the world are as rich in archaeology as Iraq. The Iraq National Museum, with its great, well-organized and carefully labeled collection of archaeological finds is a reflection of this richness (Radio Free Europe, 2003). Today, the museum remains under guard by U.S. military forces to prevent any more looting and pillaging of ancient artifacts. Many statues, paintings and papers have been totally ruined and several of the most precious artifacts are missing."
Abstract This paper examines how both the Portus Augusti and Sebastos had utilized the technique of using ?pozzolana", concrete which hardens under water. Sebastos was destroyed in 130 during a violent earthquake; Ostia fell to invaders in late antiquity. It discusses that, although both harbors had the same general shape, Sebastos was a much better built port. The use of "pozzolana" enabled Herod to build huge warehouses on top of the mole, while Claudius's moles only served as moles. Sebastos offered refuge from harsh conditions in the ocean; the Portus Augusti did not always succeed in doing so.
From the Paper "Although harbor archaeology has not attracted the majority of tourists as an ancient site, it still tells fascinating stories about the Romans? ingenuity in engineering. The port at Ostia, the Portus Augusti, and Sebastos, the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, stand as proof. The engineers overcame several challenges to building these ports by using a unique construction technique ? the use of ?pozzolana,? a concrete that can harden under water."
Abstract This paper examines how since the Classical period Greek cities had spread unevenly along the coast of Asia Minor, drawn by opportunities for trade, excellent harbours and the region's natural wealth. It looks at how the cities provided the administrative framework for Roman rule and how Roman technology and culture, itself influenced by Greek thought, influenced the Hellenistic culture which responded by adapting the new influences to traditional patterns. It explores how the cities adapted their competitive strategies to include the imperial presence and how the imperial authorities responded by attempting to control competition.
From the Paper "The widespread growth of the Corinthian order seen in imperial architecture and the rapid replacement of Doric stoas by Ionic or Corinthian colonnades may also be due to regional developments, rather than direct Roman influence. It was already established in several Anatolian cities and it seems to have been favoured by Hellenistic kings (Waelkens 1989, 79-80). Its success may be due to several factors. There was a local general taste for richer architecture, itself a reflection of the provinces? increasing wealth (Waelkens 1989, 80). The architectural embellishment and increasing formalisation of public spaces suggests that they were a showcase of civic pride and a reflection of the competitive environment of Asia Minor (Waelkens 1989, 81)."
