From the Paper
"After America declared war on Japan following the invasion of Pearl Harbor, the American military complex was faced with a difficult problem. The Japanese frequently behaved in ways that confounded the Western mind. Kamikaze missions and near absolute refusal to surrender are two examples of wartime behaviors that frustrated the American high command. America's leaders realized that, in order to wage a successful war against Japan, the Japanese mind must be better understood. Otherwise, no one would know for example, what propaganda would convince a Japanese soldier to surrender or whether or not Japan might be coerced into surrendering before an outright invasion. Because the demystification of Japanese culture would be an essential element in reducing the number of lives lost on both sides, cultural..."

Tags: JAPAN

From the Paper
"Alternative Healing: An Anthropological Analysis
To understand the cultural context of an illness is to be better prepared to treat it. Anthropological approaches to healing highlight what various cultures both prize and abhor. When a culture is appraised for how it handles its sick, the diseased and dying, what is uncovered are the culture's foundational values. The recent surge of interest in alternative healing in the west appears as a direct response to the continued insufficiencies of traditional medicine. Studying how other cultures have categorized and treated their ill provides a framework for understanding how healing functions in an anthropological manner. What this comparative analysis of healing situated in diverse cultures will highlight is that
individuals are most likely to regain their health according to.."

From the Paper
"Introduction
Japanese management techniques, including just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing and quality circles (QC), have gained much attention in recent years as American companies have focused on improving their profit performance and their competitiveness in the international market. However, it is not possible to simply transport Japanese management approaches without taking into account some of the significant differences between the cultures of Japan and the United States. This research examines some of the critical cultural differences between the two countries and considers how those cultural differences affect business operations in the two nations, and, specifically, within the automotive industry.

Key Cultural Aspects Compared Between Japan and the USA
One of the greatest ..."

From the Paper
"COMPUTER-ASSISTED FACIAL REPRODUCTION FROM SKELETAL REMAINS

This research reviews the process of computer-assisted reproduction used in facial reconstruction from skull remains. Facial reconstruction from skeletal remains is a function of forensic anthropology (Wood, Clark, Books, and Blenkinsop 4). The purpose of this review is to illustrate the importance of computer-assisted facial reconstruction from skeletal remains to law enforcement.

The art of reconstructing a face from a skull dates to 1895 and the work of the Swiss anatomist Wilhel His (Evans 135). His determined that bone conformation yielded a clear reflection of the face.
Through the 1930s, however, the application of anthropological science to solve crimes was virtually unknown .."

From the Paper
"This study will provide a summary of two books on Japanese culture, Ruth Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and Robert C. Christopher's The Japanese Mind. Benedict's work is the more anthropological work, focusing on the development of Japanese culture from the seventh century to the end of World war II. Christopher has written the more anecdotal work, focusing on Japanese culture after World War II, primarily on the decades of the 1970s and 1980s.
Christopher writes to educate Americans about Japanese culture in the late 20th century and to improve relations between the two countries, presenting "a psychic and institutional guidebook to today's Japan" (Christopher 7). Aiming at the lay reader, Christopher's book is deliberately non-scholarly, but his intentions are serious. The urgency of his book is rooted in his.."

From the Paper
"In comparing the art of two cultures, it is possible to see how aspects of their art that are alike and unlike, reflect similarities and differences in religion and world view. The Yoruba people of the Guinea Coast of West Africa and the Japanese people have little in common. Among their shared traits, however, are their high degree of urbanization, the great importance placed on aesthetic experience, and their remarkable traditions of sculpture. In both cultures, sculpture was primarily religious in nature. But, the religious sculptures of the Yoruba, which were invested with their own share of the spirit of the gods, served very different functions from the numerous sculptures of the incarnations of the Buddha that were looked on as sacred only by association with the one they represented. The Japanese sculptures were objects that helped.."

From the Paper
" FEAR AND SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
Introduction
The importance of screening in conditions of cervical cancer cannot be overestimated; this because improvements in women's cancer-screening behaviors can lead to a reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Indeed, Chamberlain (1983) reports that the very purpose of cancer screening is to detect and treat the disease at an early stage when it is still curable. The benefits of cancer screening are improved prognosis for some cases detected by screening, less radical treatment to cure some early cases, reassurance for those with negative test results, and resource savings from less radical treatment.
However, in order to elevate screening participation, it is.."

From the Paper
"In the continuing debate over the origins of modern humans, he role of Neanderthal, at first almost disregarded, has been reinstated as a major piece of the overall puzzle. As it became clear that Neanderthals were not simply an early stage in the evolution of modern humans and that previous approaches to this group were colored by certain biases, the entire matter has been opened up again. A review of the basic theories of the evolution of modern humans will demonstrate how such theories have attempted to deal with the controversial presence of Neanderthals on the stage formerly believed to be devoted solely to Homo sapiens. This leads, in turn, to discussion of the related theories of what became of Neanderthals and how current research supports the various positions.

In the 1970s, the discovery of early hominid remains in.."

From the Paper
" HEALTH-CULTURE BELIEFS
Introduction
An understanding of health-culture beliefs begins with that of the United States. Within a technological society, health-culture beliefs regarding childbirth are explored. Obstetrical revolutions occur in a cultural environment and are charged with changing values and practices. Practices include prenatal, parturition, and postpartum values, beliefs, and customs and how these customs act as possible barriers to delivery care offered by health professionals such as nurses (Hahn, 1987).
United States Health-Culture Beliefs
To a society like that of the United States, which is technological in nature, the process of childbirth continually questions boundaries between the American culture and nature."

From the Paper
" Colin M. Turnbull's two works on the Mbuti Pygmies represent two very different approaches to ethnography. The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey (1965) was originally written in 1956 as Turnbull's thesis at Oxford University. This work was published in 1965 with a limited number of revisions. The thesis is a description of all the known ethnographic facts about the Pygmies of the Congo region. In the years 1957-1958, however, Turnbull had made an extended stay among the Mbuti. Though Turnbull had visited the Mbuti earlier, the 1957 stay was undertaken as intensive field research in which he studied the single Mbuti hunting band with whom he lived. An account of this field work was published in 1961 as The forest people. The Mbuti Pygmies (1965) surveys all the data accumulated by previous travelers and anthropologists and was a necessary preliminary to the field work.."

From the Paper
"There are a number of different species of primates in the world today, and there have been others that are now extinct. The best-known and most widely-dispersed primate on earth is man. Anthropologists study human behavior in all its manifestations and find connections between the behavior of very different groups, such as Pacific Islanders and Londoners, Bantu tribesmen in Africa and the average New Yorker, and so on. Such studies are accepted because of the accepted view that human behavior in different settings reflects underlying forces and motivations which are common to all human beings. Primate studies which examine the behavior of other primates and then extrapolate from the results to the human condition raise different issues and cause some researchers to reject any such connection as too..."

From the Paper
"Evidence for the practice of cannibalism by the Anasazi people of the American Southwest has been growing during the last three decades. As archaeologists have excavated new sites and re-examined findings from previously explored locations, the taphonomic and forensic analysis of human skeletal remains has led to a hypothesis of cannibalism at as many as 28 Anasazi sites. Though the first suggestion of cannibalism was made in 1902, the absence of any sign of such a practice in the ethnographic literature may have mitigated against thorough investigation of the notion. But with the systematic application of the methods of physical anthropology archaeologists have steadily produced a body of cases in which cannibalism seems the most likely explanation of anomalous states and dispositions of human remains. The reasons behind the practice--whether it was.."

From the Paper
" While tuberculosis has afflicted mankind for thousands of years, it is truly a disease of civilization, first emerging in plague proportions in the 18th and 19th centuries (Kiple 136-137). It is an illness primarily of the urban poor, and its spread is correlated with urbanization, industrialization and immigration patterns of the modern age.

Tuberculosis in the lungs has historically been known as consumption, phthisis, wasting disease, graveyard cough, and decline (Smith 2-50). Symptoms include lassitude, irregular appetite, wasting, flatulence, irregular pulse, night sweats, severe nasal congestion, chest rales and cough, often bloody (haemoptysis). There is always fever. The disease can affect joints or lodge in spine and brain tissue, where it causes tubercular meningitis. When affecting other areas of the body.."

From the Paper
"Margaret Mead, in Growing Up in New Guinea, studies the way children of the Manus in the Admiralty Islands, north of New Guinea, develop into adults, specifically, how they are educated. She seeks to determine the answer to a number of questions:
How much of the child's equipment does it bring with it at birth? How much of its development follows regular laws? How much . . . is it dependent upon early training, upon the personality of its parents, its teachers, its playmates. . . . ? (1).
The advantage of studying the Manus children is that the lives of the Manus people "are lived very much as they have been lived for unknown centuries" (2). The "picture of human education in miniature" which she hopes to paint is based on "six months' concentrated and interrupted field work" in which she "learned.."

From the Paper
" A number of efforts have been made since the onset of the scientific age toward measuring various traits in order to identify specific characteristics differentiating racial characteristics, often in an attempt to show that certain groups are inferior to the majority Caucasian group. Such "scientific rationality" often tries to prove that such characteristics as intelligence are racially linked, and statistics are developed to show that whites on the average are more intelligent than blacks and that there is a biological basis to differences seen in test scores. Such efforts have been undertaken many times in this century, most recently in the book The Bell Curve, which revived an old debate as to the possibility of proving this sort of theory and the biased nature of intelligence tests. An examination shows that scientific rationality continues to be.."