From the Paper
"Primates and humans share a lot of common behaviors, such as care of their young, reactions to stressful situations, and shyness, and are believed to show many similar emotions. The evolution of human behavior is studied by anthropologists who often try to piece it together by looking at primate models. This paper will look at the validity of such studies as ways to gain an understanding into the development of human behavior.


Scientists at the Laboratory of Clinical Studies in Poolesville, Maryland are studying the qualities which distinguish primate leaders from minions, incline females to prefer some males over others, and cause some monkeys to be ejected from a troop (Segell, 1996). The study has shown that the dominant males are not necessarily the most aggressive ones. Rule is usually be consensus rather than fiat, and their main..."

Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the cultures of Germany, Italy, and France and how they relate to what is going on today. It shows how Germany's militaristic background not only influenced its history, but also how life is done today, including culture, education, and business practices. The paper compares this attitude to Italy which has a distinct culture of "la dolce vita" or "the sweet life" which has had an impact on every aspect as well. It also discusses the great importance of family as well as the not so stable political system. France follows a very centralized control system, and how the relationship between schools, business, and government are all important in French business. The paper concludes by showing that the cultural patterns in Germany, Italy, and France are mostly based on the relationship between government and businesses.

From the Paper
"Germany's strong political economy has made it a great leader of the European Union. It has the highest per capita in Europe, and is also a technological leader specializing in engineering, manufacturing, and chemicals. Germany was once the fastest growing economy in the European Union, but their high quality products bring about problems with high product costs and slow increase in productivity, leading to the recent stagnant economy. Other attributes to the stagnation include a limitation in domestic competition, which lessens the need for innovation, reluctance to new technology because the workers must be retrained in these new technologies, and labor reforms, since companies do not fire, they are reluctant to hire. The military approach has had a great impact on Germany as seen through German history, which goes through cycles from fragmentation and poverty, to unity and prosperity, to war and defeat, and finally back to fragmentation. The country was at its best when united with the military, and the lesson learned from each of these cycles of history is that they have to be stronger next time."

Tags: business, culture, education, europe, european, french, german, government, italian

Abstract
The paper assesses the huge influence that the media and advertising make on the social identity of alcohol and how it has been converted into a social need, an artificial need and rule of society. The paper shows the necessity to consider all these factors and slowly review the options and viable alternatives that will help cope with the problem that presents alcoholism. The paper discusses how drinking mainly affects the youth and how it is targeted by marketers in order to create a future market for their products. The paper reviews a part of drinking's history, and surmises that though it is may be true that alcohol does stand as an icon of society, it has come a long way and its uses have gradually changed. From merely a ritualistic substance to becoming a trendy activity and a catalyzer for interpersonal relationship, alcohol has changed its purposes according to each society.

From the Paper
"In the past alcohol was not a big problem as it is today. At least it was more socially accepted and people was more able to drink without remorse. The Greek Romans would adore Bacchus or Dionysus. In the ancient civilizations, the act of drinking had its own God as we see. But in past decades we have observed an increase in the subject of alcoholism in a dramatical way. Technology has advanced the stress of alcoholism thanks to many ways, which will be analyzed further on. There could be many facts this problem increased but the more important are the way they promote alcohol in the TV and how this creation of a culture of alcohol in the media creates a pressure of the society to drink to be accepted socially and as a consequence also to relieve from the stress of today's life. Alcohol has become a culture in these days thanks to the conversion of drinking into a sociocultural activity by all the diffusion in the mass media. It is necessary to first analyze the historical background behind alcohol drinking which goes back two or three millennia in the past."

Tags: abuse, addiction, esol, programs, rehabilitation, society, youth, drugs

From the Paper
"The history of the word "race" had much of an effect on the concept of race, according to anthropologists and linguists. This is true although as much confusion has existed about the concept as the actual knowledge about it. For example, one reputable atlas still in circulation has Finland colored yellow for Mongoloid simply because the Finns share a linguistic stock with Asiatic people who are either partly or wholly Mongoloid; the Finns are definitely not Mongoloid themselves. Even Sir Winston Churchill once called the British a race and too often the Jews have also been called a race when they are actually are a religion. However, linguistic affinity, common residence on an island and the possession of a common religion tend to facilitate the flow of genetic material between groups of people but not necessarily to a race-forming degree. Thus, Finns, Britons, and ... "

From the Paper
The purpose of this research is to show that the Athenian woman was not as completely debased or as secluded as sometimes presented. The social, political and legal rights of women during this ancient period of Greece's history will be reviewed. Also covered will be evidence of women's participation in religious ceremonies.

The point is a difficult one to prove - or disprove - it depends from which viewpoint in history you are looking at the Greeks; it also depends, since the Greeks had a caste system of sorts, which economic class you are concentrating on.

To the Victorian woman, whose only legitimate role was to marry and be supported and protected by her husband, the glamorous, educated lives of the "hetairai" (prostitutes), if they were allowed to be aware of them, would have seemed like devilishly- ... "

From the Paper
"There are as many creation myths as there are cultures and each has its own particular way of viewing the origins of the universe, of the earth, and of human beings. The intention in this paper is to explore the similarities and differences in the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Egyptian creation myths.

The very beginning, according to the Sumerians, was watery. According to their theology, the universe at the beginning was surrounded by sea and water on all sides. For them, the sea was the original matter, the first cause and prime mover. Unlike the genesis creation story, a god did not hover over these waters ... "

From the Paper
Introduction
" When oil was discovered in Nigeria, most people in the country thought that it was the best thing that had happened to the country..other than gaining its political independence. After several coups, a civil war, falling world oil prices, and other forms of instability, not everyone is still sure that the exploitation of the country's crude oil reserves was a total blessing. This research examines this issue.


The Development of Modern Nigeria
Nigeria is, in many ways, a unique country within the context of political development. The country emerged from colonial status in the post.World War II era with a greater reservoir of administrative and political expertise than was to be found in most of the other newly emerging independent..."

Tags: AFRICA

From the Paper
"There are few true hunter-gatherer societies living in the modern world. One of those societies, the !Kung-San Bushmen of Botswana and southern Africa, provide a unique and provocative look into societal evolution and the behavior of pre-agricultural and industrial societies. The life of the !Kung represents a way of life that was universal for Homo Sapiens until about 10,000 years ago, or with the advent of the agricultural revolution and all it entailed. With the !Kung, modern Anthropologists are able to glean "basic human social forms, language, and human nature.".
This paper will present an overview of the !Kung Bushmen, commenting on their physical and social environment, population and health, sex roles, childhood, family and marriage, kinship, and division of labor. One initial linguistic note: the Bushmen's oral language consists of a number of clicking sounds ... "

From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the social problems and economic struggles experienced by Persian immigrants in the United States. The immigration of Persians to the United States was greatly increased following the 1979 Iranian Revolution in which the Ayatollah Khomeini took over leadership of the government from the Shah. Khomeini's new government was strongly based on the values of the Moslem religion. As a result, severe restrictions were placed on virtually every aspect of Iranian life. This change disrupted the lives and security of many of Iran's citizens. This was especially true in the case of the nation's nonMoslem minorities, such as the Bahais, Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews. As a result of the Moslem takeover in Iran, all men, regardless of their beliefs, were forced to adhere to Moslem religious customs and to abandon any elements of ... "

From the Paper
"The Heian period in Japanese history covers the end of the eighth century through to the early part of the tenth century. This period is the same as is represented ... In addition, it was a period of both court aristocracy, as ..., and of a culture whose tone was set by women, .... "The Tale of Genji" is described by Morris as the "first psychological novel in the literature of the world"... it is also representative of some social changes taking place at that time, with specific reference to spiritual issues.
The establishment of the Heian period dates from the move of the capital to Kyoto, then known as Heiankyo; the era lasted until the establishment of the military government in Kamakura in 1185."

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Persian Jewish immigrants who have settled in Los Angeles, California. Persian Jews play an important role in Los Angeles because they are part of the intricate ethnic and cultural fabric that makes up the city as a whole. The Jewish immigrants from Iran play a vital part in both the Jewish and Iranian communities of Los Angeles (L.A.). Despite some difficulties in assimilation, for the most part Persian Jews have adapted well to the American way of life and have become successful figures in L.A. society. Persian Jewish immigrants started coming to Los Angeles in large numbers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This influx of Jewish immigrants from Iran occurred because the Shah of Iran, Reza Pahlavilwas overthrown in 1979 during a revolution which brought the Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomeini to power. The Islamic government of ... "

From the Paper
"This study will provide a book review of Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande, by E.E. Evans-Pritchard.

This anthropological examination of witchcraft among a group living in the Sudan in Africa, written in the 1930s, is a breathtaking work which overwhelms the reader with details and analyses of one of the most important parts of life and death for the Azande. As the author of the book's Foreword writes, the book is based on material collected during twenty months' intensive study of Azande. It is true that it deals with only one side of their life, but that aspect is so protean and bulks so largely in the daily habit and conduct of the tribe that no work of this scope could have been produced without a very thorough understanding of the whole fabric of Zande thought and custom (xv)."

From the Paper
"Walbiri Religious Beliefs And Practice


This paper will examine religious beliefs and practices of the Walbiri peoples of Australia, emphasizing the Walbiri's reliance on orality and pragmatism in their culture and theology. The Walbiri are seminomadic aborigine hunters and gatherers who have wandered the rocky ranges, outcrops and low-lying hills of the western desert region of Central Australia for centuries before European contact. More recently, the Walbiri have subdivided into four major groups--the Ngalia, Walmalla, Waneiga and Lander Walbiri. The Walbiri nomadic pattern of wandering from water hole to water hole within their loosely defined territories remains the main organizing principle of Walbiri life, exceeding in importance even the rhythms of the seasons. At present, the Walbiri inhabit government settlements within or..."

From the Paper
"Neanderthal: The Fossil Evidence
During the 2.5 million years of human evolution, there have been several developmental offshoots. The different hominid branches, however, may be blurred by interbreeding. One European subspecies, Neanderthal, appeared approximately 125,000 years ago. Whether this subspecies eventually gave rise to modern humans is currently a topic of considerable controversy. On one side, researchers argue that modern Homo sapiens evolved gradually from existing hominid populations throughout the world. In contrast, others postulate that H. sapiens developed in Africa 200,000 years ago, and then replaced other archaic hominid types. The truth may be that both arguments are partially correct.


The human lineage began with the emergence of Homo habilis:..."

From the Paper
"Margaret Mead's Coming of age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation is a study of child and adolescent development in Western Samoa during the 1920s. Mead studied the customs and habits of the villagers on Ta'u, one of three small islands in the Manu'a group, about a hundred miles east of Pago Pago.


The study of ethnography, or the scientific description of customs and habits among mankind, was the purpose for Mead's journey. Descriptive by definition, ethnography is limited by both the scientist-observer's objectivity and perspective within his or her frame of reference. Mead described the Samoans' birth through teen years from the perspective of an outsider looking in, with all the limitations imposed by such a design. Her idyllic portrayals of the islanders' stress-free lives were..."