Abstract This essay examines how Anglo-American relations improved following the War of Independance, only to deteriorate again during the Napoleonic Wars. It contrasts British attempts to gain complete control of the sea to combat Napoleon, with U.S. attempts to break this control in order to increase her own foreign trade.
From the Paper "Following the end of the War of Independence, relations between Britain and the United States slowly improved. Many felt that because of the shared language, religion and culture the two countries should work together, especially economically. This was especially true in Britain, where the ideas of Adam Smith were beginning to take hold, and free trade with America became an attractive idea. In the United States, Republicans still disliked the British, but the Federalists did not want to continue any rivalries and shared the British views on trade between the nations."
Abstract The paper offers a review of the Leach's book which gives an historical look at the very roots of the American Revolutionary War. It discusses the thesis of the paper which explains that the Anglo-American friction caused by the presence of British regular forces prior to 1763 was indeed an important contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution, especially in the form of intergroup attitudes and perceptions hardening into stereotypes and traditions. In conclusion, the author offers a crit and a personal opinion on the book.
From the Paper "Critically, this book is obviously very well researched and written. The author notes that while he did use some previous studies of pre-revolutionary British forces, he relied primarily on his own personal research and discovery to write the book. 4 In addition, throughout the chapters he states his conclusions and arguments clearly and effectively, so the reader understands his points and his evidence. The strengths of the book are quite clear from the beginning. The author has a clear and detailed understanding of his topic, has studied and researched it thoroughly for the arguments and evidence he needs to back it up, and his presented it to his readers in a way that helps them understand and agree with his conclusions. In addition, the book is not so long that it drags on, citing detail after detail that the average reader might find boring or even unnecessary. Leach's book is succinct and to the point, leaving the reader little doubt that his research was meticulous and he truly believes his thesis entirely, and proves it well."
Tags: literature, history, Anglo, American, revolution, war
Abstract This paper examines the current Anglo-American judicial system and its history while also considering some of its drawbacks. In response to these short-comings, the author suggests alternative methods of dispute resolution, such as arbitration and impartial investigation. These methods are discussed in light of their use in other legal systems around the world. The author concludes that a reform of the adversarial systems currently in use in the Anglo-North American world would be desirable because reforms might increase the availability of true justice for large segments of the population.
Outline:
Introduction
The Development of the Adversarial System
The Adversarial System vs. Alternative Forms of Dispute Resolution
Alternative Dispute Resolution: The European Civil Code Example
Possibilities and Problems Relating to the Implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom
Conclusion
From the Paper "The justice system of the Anglo-North American world is an adversarial one. A lawyer is an advocate - he or she represents the case and the views of his or her clients. The rightness or wrongness of the arguments of the opposing side is of no concern to counsel. It is the duty of the lawyer to represent the client's case to the best of his or her ability; to make use of whatever legal arguments, statutes, precedents, etc. will advance his or her client's cause. In essence, the judicial system of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, and other nations that follow the English legal tradition, is one of a debate between two sides. It is the responsibility of the judge and jury to decide the case based on the relative merits of the arguments for each side. In contrast to the usage of many other nations, there is no independent attempt made to determine the correctness of either argument. Neither judge nor jury possesses the authority to actually investigate the claims made. As well, Anglo-North American law does not require that actionable cases strictly match the provisions of some pre-established code. Precedent is of great importance having, in the absence of positive law to the contrary, the force of law. In this sense, the law is quite malleable. Through careful research, an attorney might discover a useful prior decision that could lend weight to his or her arguments. Again, since there is no adherence to a strict code of laws, as say the Roman Law, or the Code Napoleon, it becomes possible to manipulate existing laws and precedents to suit the situation. Of course, a major difficulty of any system that relies upon the best presented argument is the danger that such an argument may not actual to be correct. Rather, it only appears to be correct. As a result, many have begun to question the utility and fairness of the adversarial system. "
Abstract This paper investigates the Anglo-American settlement in Texas from 1819 though 1836. It explores whether it success was due to efforts made by individuals to create new opportunities for themselves, or were such settlement an integral part of the effort of the American government to wrest control of Texas from New Spain and Mexico.
From the Paper "The Spanish began widespread exploring and colonizing areas of North America in the sixteenth century. Cabeza de Vaca The area known today as Texas eventually ..."
Abstract This paper will explore governmental, political, economic, and business aspects of Egyptian culture and compare and contrast them to the same aspects of Anglo-American culture with emphasis on how these cultural aspects relate to the character and behavior of the people.
Abstract This paper examines the Japanese economic model following the crisis of 1990. It identifies the causes of the crisis and discusses key areas of reform. The author also mentions the country's political economy, strategic orientations and the nature of its business system. The convergence of the Japanese model with the Anglo-American model is also discussed.
From the Paper "Asian economies and business systems are increasingly being influenced by the dynamics of globalization. The Japanese model in particular is going through a slow and problematic process of transformation that ..."
Tags: globalization, Japan, economy, Anglo-American economic model, Japanese economic model, political economy, kudoka, strategic orientations, Japanese business system, economic crisis
Abstract This paper looks at the evidence available which explains the war tactics and strategy of the Anglo-Saxons. It shows the Anglo-Saxons to have had a well-trained warrior elite, but nevertheless insufficient to resist being conquered in the end.
From the Paper "The poem of the Battle of Maldon is our main source for study about the nature of late Anglo-Saxon warfare. This heroic poem, glorifying the Ealdorman who dies for his king and country, displays many important facets of the way the Anglo-Saxon peoples conducted warfare. The main threat was the Nordic marauders that would regularly raid the settlements of the Anglo-Saxons. It was against these raiders that the majority of Anglo-Saxon tactics and strategy were prepared. The buhrs of the Anglo-Saxons were the main defense against these raiders, but once these buhrs fell into disrepair it was mostly the forces of the sheriffs, thanes, and ealdormen left to defend their territories. The forces of the kingdom were composed of levies, an elite core of warriors, and then the auxiliary naval forces."
Tags: ages, anglo, british, medieval, middle, saxon, war, warfare
Abstract This paper discusses, analyzes and compares two poems from the Anglo-Saxon era. The poems include "The Wife's Lament" and "Wulf and Eadwacer". Each piece of literature is representative of society and culture more than five thousand years ago. Both poems are written from a narrative perspective of a woman mourning the absence of her husband. The poems also depict how woman were owned, controlled and repressed."
From the Paper "Around the third century, three Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes -- migrated from other areas of Europe to England as part of a general movement of Germanic peoples who conquered much of Europe, including Rome itself (Gordon 111). During that time, the Celts (or Britons) inhabited England, and they continued to be the dominant people in Scotland and Ireland for several years to come (Harris 205). After the invasion of England, the Anglo-Saxons became the dominant people in the country. They brought along their Anglo-Saxon language (i.e., Old English) and a strong literary tradition that included oral poetry, which was spoken or sung. The Anglo-Saxon Era began in 450 A.D. and ended around 1066 AD (Harris 204)."
Abstract The paper discusses how Gregory Evans Dowd recounts the struggle for resistance of a few American Indian tribes against the British-American expansion. The paper is of the opinion that Dowd gives a unique and very interesting interpretation of the events taking place during the mid- eighteenth century. The paper portrays how Dowd tried to reconstruct the British colonization from the point of view of the Native Americans, by focusing on their perception of the Anglo-American invasion.
From the Paper "The "Indians' Great Awakening" presents the resistance of the Native Americans to the British colonization, and observes the double character of this movement: it is both a spiritual and a political resistance, or in other words, the political resistance is backed up by a spiritual regeneration of the Indians, who rediscover their traditional religions and rituals in their effort to preserve their identity in front of the colonists."
"Moreover, the nativistic movement has yet another character apart from the spiritual and the political ones, according to Dowd. The sudden awakening of the Indians is not a mere spiritual revival, but a finding of a sense of unity as a people."
Abstract This paper explores the difficulties faced by Hispanic-Americans throughout the twentieth century. It focuses primarily on their fight to achieve social, economic and political equality in the United States. It covers the time period of 1900 to the present. The author also explores Anglo stereotypes of Hispanics.
From the Paper "The difficulties that Latinos and Latinas have faced and continue to face in achieving social economic and political equality in the United States stem from historical conditions of social contact between a group-in-power and a group-out-of-power. Inevitably this contact has generated discriminatory attitudes, assumptions, judgments and stereotypes about Hispanic-Americans. ..."
Abstract This paper examines the negative and racist stereotyping that African Americans have suffered as a result of advertising policies and practices. The writer discusses the literature and the research on this topic and summarizes some of the most important findings. Some significant and revealing statistics are presented as well. The writer also explains briefly how advertising works and its interdependent relationship with mass media. In addition, the writer examines how the featuring of blacks has changed from their first large scale appearance in mainstream advertising in the 1870s to the present day. In some cases, as in the portrayal of Aunt Jemima, the change has been minimal. In response to the fight from the civil rights movement in the 1960s, some large corporations began to target black consumers, and the growth in the 80s of a black middle-class further spurred marketers to an accurate, positive presentation of blacks. However, the writer explains that stereotyping is still present in advertising, albeit on a more subtle and subliminal level. The writer notes that the psychology of advertising does not leave anything to chance and that it caters to what are believed to be the perceptions of the viewer. Examples are given of advertisements that feed into the negative perceptions and the desire of the majority culture to be superior. The writer concludes that other minority groups, such as Asian Americans and Italians, are also depicted with negative images in advertising and that this kind of misrepresentation is becoming less and less tolerable in today's society. This paper includes a table about ads with black models.
From the Paper "From the history, it is evident that ethnic images become stereotypes when they ignore the humanity of a person by depicting them as having certain traits. When a group is seen as stupid, ugly, violent or comical and never portrayed as successful, skillful, intelligent or beautiful, stereotyping is present. Both positive and negative stereotypes can foster aggression, superiority or hatred. Blacks started to scrutinize the images that were printed simply because if others viewed them like that, they would too. Blacks began to realize that not all fit the description of the lazy, militant, alcoholic man or the happy, pregnant, servant woman."
Abstract This paper describes the war that existed in the Philippines after the Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States during the Spanish-American War. As a direct result of the war, the Philippines were given to the United States and the Filipino people who originally believed that they were fighting a war for freedom and independence against the Spanish begin to turn against American troops who they view as simply another occupying force. The first part of the paper gives a background to the Filipino insurgency and its main leader, General Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo's tactics of fighting a guerrilla war against American troops is examined, as well as the effectiveness of these attacks on shocking the American public back home. Feeling betrayed by America who promised the Filipino people freedom after the Spanish were defeated, Aguinaldo embarked on a series of deadly attacks on American soldiers in the Philippines. As a result, American troops responded with equal brutality in their reprisals with very little organized military command holding them back. Diaries are heavily cited in this section of the paper, giving primary sources that tell of how desperate the American soldiers were at the time and how they needed to racially dehumanize the enemy in order to commit such vicious acts of reprisal. The second part of the paper deals with how the American press responded to the war. Numerous newspaper articles and other criticisms of the war are given as examples, some written by the early 20th century's most prominent figures such as Mark Twain. The general point of this section is to show how deeply divided the American public was over the war in the Philippines and how many felt that it would lead to American involvement in other world affairs. A direct parallel is also drawn to the Iraq War in modernity. Finally, the paper ends with a detailed account of how individual soldiers from both sides viewed the conflict. The Filipinos clearly viewed the insurgency as a necessary action in order to preserve their promised independence, while many American soldiers were disgusted and frustrated with why they were in the country to begin with, and often responded violently towards the natives since they began to view them as subhuman. The psychology of warfare is briefly discussed, as soldiers often dehumanize the enemy as a means of justification of their own violent behavior. The end of the insurgency is also discussed, with American troops brutally putting down the rebellion and establishing a tight control over the entire area for decades.
From the Paper "On April 11th, 1898, the President of the United States William McKinley went to Congress and asked the elected body to declare war on Spain for their role in oppression overseas and to accommodate public opinion that was strongly anti-Spanish due to the sinking of the United States battleship Maine only a few months earlier that was blamed on Spanish agents. Congress eventually sanctioned the war, and the Spanish-American war commenced with several battles over Spanish colonies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The war itself was over fairly quickly, as hostilities were ended only a few months after war was officially declared. The involvement in the former Spanish colonies clearly demonstrated that America had shifted to a strong imperialistic attitude when it came to the Western Hemisphere and indeed the world in general, and would be forced to endure all of the benefits and tribulations that came from being an imperialistic power."
Tags: aguinaldo, american, emilio, filipino, history, philippines, spanish, war, wars
This paper traces the evolution of America's identity using elements of the musical 1776. It concentrates on the Founding Fathers and their drive for freedom and the large role that an American identity played in independence.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 34.95
Abstract This paper uses extensive information about colonial America and discusses the issue of an American identity. Analysis of the film 1776 and Thomas Paine's Common Sense is used to demonstrate the strength of this identity. The thesis is as follows: As the film 1776 clearly demonstrates, during the American Revolution an American identity was stronger than it had ever been.
From the paper:
"Early American colonies were viewed as very individual and indeed in many instances had much closer ties to England than they did with each other. However, ties with England began to fray due to the poor of the colonies by England. Early examples of this were the Navigation Acts of 1660, which regulated commerce and ensured that ?everything went through England.? From this time, an American identity began to form. As tensions between England and the colonies grew stronger other factors arose to further the development of an American identity. "Choice" in shopping and material possessions and the "standardization of consumer behavior" (similar goods being available throughout the colonies ) enhanced unity throughout America. As the film 1776 clearly demonstrates, during the American Revolution an American identity was stronger than it had ever been."
Tags: 1776, american, common, fathers, founding, independance, revolution, sense
Reviews both American non-fiction and American fiction works of art to support the notion that the American spirit is reflected in both types of literature.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract One of the most poignant quotes in American literature comes from Donald Briscoe, who stated that "To understand American Literature, it is necessary to examine both its fiction and its non- fiction because the key to the American Spirit can be found in both." This paper assesses Briscoe's quote through addressing two works of American fiction and two works of American non- fiction with the intent of proving how the spirit of the American people is reflected in both types of literature.
Abstract This paper examines the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II by comparing this action with the freedom experienced by German-Americans during the same period. The author questions the inherent racism of Americans that enabled such an occurrence to be legally sanctioned, while German-Americans lived their lives freely, although Hitler and Germany were also enemies of America during World War II. The paper then presents a detailed background of the Japanese immigrant experience in America, contrasting this with the American ideal of freedom and the reality of racism. The experiences of African and Native-Americans are also considered. The paper then describes the actual Japanese internment, which was unprecedented event in American history. The paper further states how the Internment still has an effect on the psyche of the Japanese-American population today. The author concludes that the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War was one of the great tragedies of American history.
Outline:
Introduction
Background: The Japanese Experience in America
Prejudice Unleashed: The Internment Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper " Naturally, the situation was worse the further removed from the Anglo-Saxon ideal a group might chance to be. After the Civil War, the newly reunited nation demanded a huge supply of cheap labor to build its rapidly expanding railroad network. In the West, this labor was provided, to a large extent, by settlers from Japan and China. Labor Contractors, generally Japanese or Chinese themselves actively recruited these workers and brought them to America. They helped to lay the foundations of America's industrial prosperity. White American racial attitudes combined with a nationwide railroad strike in 1877 to create the necessary conditions for a crackdown on Asian immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was soon followed by other, stricter acts, in 1892, 1902, and 1904. And as White America saw little, if any difference, between Japanese and any other Asians, the anti-Chinese immigration laws were followed by a Japanese Exclusion Act in 1907. By 1924, the United States had imposed an almost total ban on all immigration from East Asia, ..."
Tags: Japanese-Americans, internment, World, War, II, immigrant, experiences
