"Theory Z" ( William Ouchi )

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"Introduction

Until the latter part of the twentieth century, there were two basic approaches to management. One of these held that employees were out to get as much from their employer as possible, that they would perform the absolute minimum amount of work necessary to still receive their pay, and that there existed by nature an adversarial relationship between workers and management. This came to be called Theory X. A direct response to this approach was the idea that workers sought to meet more than their basic needs through the work environment, and that if they were given responsibility and authority, workers would respond with creative ways to maximize their productivity. This approach considered employees to be experts in how best to perform their tasks, and focused on the individual rather than on ..."

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