Paper Summary:

In this article, the writer notes that the current research on panic disorder, as well as its treatment is telling of the state of the disorder in the population, as well as inroads being made in its treatment and diagnosis. The writer maintains that the works studied here, collectively give the impression that panic disorder can be a life altering disorder that can progress rapidly, even in children. The writer points out that panic disorder is much more likely to occur in women than men, with the exception of those with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), who are more likely to be men if they are returning from war and more likely to be women if PTSD is associated with sexual/physical or emotional abuse in childhood. The writer concludes that the works examined also stress the need for more research, especially regarding the understanding of any potential biological effects that may be a result of chemical/hormonal changes that occur during panic.

From the Paper:

"Both of these lines of research are ripe for additional investigation, as they seem to clearly complicate and possibly exacerbate the social affect of the disorder to a large degree and are secondary problems shared by many who experience the disorder.
"Other related disorders also give more clear insight into panic disorder, as post traumatic stress disorder has increased in severity as well as incidence, given the prolonged state of national crisis, war and other issues involving over stimulation in the fast paced society we share. One review work, demonstrates the conflicts and controversy that surrounds PTSD, often a precursor to panic disorder as the disorder leaves the individual with a cognitive reaction to normal events in an exaggerated panicked, fashion and in many ways correlates to panic disorder. The article states that victims in the past have been treated ineffectually due to preconceived notions about the traumatic event, if they are conscious of the memory or event and if they experienced such trauma as a result of war, as the politics of war and the dynamic of the military have skewed opinions and therefore policy on treatment, as has advocates and opponents of recovered memory subjects. "

Sample of Sources Used:

• Beamish, P. M., Granello, D. H., & Belcastro, A. L. (2002). Treatment of Panic Disorder: Practical Guidelines. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(3), 224.
• Bogels, S. M., & Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional Cognitions in Children with Social Phobia, Separation Anxiety Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 205.
• Book, S. W., & Randall, C. L. (2002). Social Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Use. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(2), 130.
• Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and School Reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33(1), 127.
• Figueira, I., Possidente, E., Marques, C., & Hayes, K. (2001). Sexual Dysfunction: A Neglected Complication of Panic Disorder and Social Phobia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(4), 369.

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