Abstract The paper provides a report for the people of Fairbanks Alaska regarding earthquakes. The paper looks at why Alaska has so many earthquakes and concludes that another is inevitable It also looks at options for minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes.
From the Paper "Earthquakes are usually connected with fault lines. Fault lines are areas in which tectonic plates are moving more frequently then other areas(Hobbs 272). Although techonic plates are moving everywhere they are usually not moving fast enough for anyone to realize. Earthquakes occur when techonic plates achieve a high enough velocity to cause the ground to actually shake."
Abstract This paper describes what the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge actually is. It covers the pros and cons of drilling for oil in the refuge from political, economical, religious perspectives. It gives the writer's opinion on the topic, which is NOT to drill in the refuge. It then gives alternative ideas to drilling and backs them up with facts from credible sources like the U.S. Geological Survey.
From the Paper "An environmental masterpiece to be preserved, or an economic opportunity waiting to be tapped? This is the debate that has been persistent around the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for over 40 years. It is also a mainstream argument for many environmental philosophies. Pro-drilling advocates tend to take on Judeo-Christian beliefs, while anti-drilling organizations stick with conservation or preservationist values. These two groups portray their views over the internet using many types of representation, false or not, to convince readers their position is correct. Both sides have their pros and cons, but my opinion on the topic is that drilling for oil in the ANWR is a poor idea due to inevitable environmental complications."
This paper is a complete research project that determines the factors influencing the market problems facing the Alaska wild salmon industry and explores the superiority of Alaska salmon over farm-raised salmon.
Abstract This research paper contends that Alaska salmon represents a product that is far superior to farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon and that specific factors beyond the degree of its superiority led to its demise within the fishery marketplace. The author reports that the research design is historiography, which provides a systematic process on the study of prior historical research. The paper suggests that there is a need for ongoing research to be conducted to determine the superiority of Alaska wild salmon over farm-raised salmon. Figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Literature Review
Species of Alaska Wild Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Chum Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Pink Salmon
Health Effects of Salmon Consumption
Research Methodology
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Conclusion
Results
Factors Influencing the Alaska Wild Salmon Fishery Industry
Strong Conservation Philosophy
Legal Mandate
Lessons of History
Regulation of Commercial Salmon Fisheries
Salmon Hatcheries and Farming in Alaska Farmed Salmon Outside of Alaska Discussion
Recommendations
From the Paper "Sockeye salmon are anadromous, meaning they migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water and are unique in their appearance, with adult spawners typically turning bright red, with a green head. Consequently, sockeye are often called "red" salmon; however, during their ocean and adult migratory phase, sockeye often have a bluish back and silver sides, giving rise to another common name, "bluebacks." As well, as reported by NOAA (2003b), the name "sockeye" is thought to have originally emerged from the Indian word "sukkai.""
Abstract This paper examines how the Alaska wild salmon fishery industry has experienced ongoing challenges presented by the growing demands in the marketplace for farm-raised salmon. It proposes a study to determine the factors that have influenced the problems currently facing the industry, while further exploring the degree to which Alaska salmon is a superior product over farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon. Using historical records on wild Alaska salmon, it assesses the data gathered in light of the purpose of the study and the research hypotheses.
Outline
Chapter One
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Chapter Two
Species
Health Effects
Chapter Three
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Chapter Four
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "In spite of the reported benefits associated with Alaska salmon, recent reports have indicated that during 2002, even during the peak of salmon season, many commercial fishermen in the fish-rich waters of southeast Alaska did not bother to go out. The worldwide market for Alaska wild salmon has crashed in a dramatic fashion even though the overall problem isn't dwindling numbers of fish, as 320,000 tons of salmon were harvested in Alaska during 2001, representing a one-third increase from 20 years ago. While a number of problems have influenced the downward trend in the market for Alaska wild salmon, as reported by Janus (2002), one of the major factors impacting this trend is found in the fact that world and domestic US markets are being
flooded with inexpensive salmon produced in foreign fish-farm operation."
Abstract This paper compares Alaska to other states in the United States. It provides demographic data and economic figures on which to base the comparison. It looks at the poverty and prosperity that is spread throughout Alaska and discusses plans by the government to boost the state's economy.
From the Paper "Alaskan families earn nearly 52 thousand dollars per household or approximately 20% more than the nation's average of 42 thousand. However, there are vast geographic disparities in poverty. 9.4% of Alaska's population lives below the poverty level, however this varies widely from county to county. In Yukon-Koyukuk, Wade-Hampton, Bethel and Dillingham counties, poverty levels range from 18.1 to 24.4 percent. Conversely, in Juneau and Anchorage, the state's largest cities, poverty levels are below 4%. Alaska's state sector is large, with over 20% of the population employed in teaching and health care, and with 10.7 percent employed in public administration. The state's manufacturing base only employs 2.6% of its workers. Retail trades also claim 11.6% of the state's employees."
Abstract This paper explains that the northern slopes of Alaska's one hundred fifty million acre coastal plain, which is part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), is abundant in both oil and gas reserves and is the number one prospect for United States' oil and gas development. The author points out that the use of wildlife refuges and wilderness areas for energy development has become a very hot topic, especially in Alaska, because of the United States' dependence on foreign oil. The paper relates that researchers and developers are seeking new technologies to drill for and transport the oil without hurting the surrounding environment in the process.
From the Paper "According to government estimates, the equivalent of one billion, four hundred million barrels of oil are tucked away under Teshekpuk Lake. This lake is Alaska's third largest lake. Teshekpuk, which means big enclosed coastal water. This is where the Pacific Black Brant migrates for its annual molt. Migratory birds, as well as moose, bear and fish take full advantage of this wild life refuge. Many make their home there and
others migrate to this placid lake every year."
Abstract This paper examines how Alaska is a very diverse state with an abundance of mineral, wildlife, as well as oil and petroleum resources. The nature of those resources brings them into direct opposition. It also looks at how the economy and urban growth of Alaska has developed through resources and how the state is unique in many ways, with a very different set of problems and challenges from the remaining states.
Abstract This paper examines the enormous environmental disaster of the Exxon Valdez oil spill into the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The paper provides the history of the Exxon Company, a detailed description of the accident and the following environmental cleanup. It describes the criminal negligence of the company and complete public relations failure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Situation Analysis
Burning Mechanical Cleanup Chemical Dispersants
Effects on the Environment
Government Action
Exxon's Reaction
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Exxon Valdez, a tanker loaded with oil from the shipping terminal in Valdez, Alaska, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound (in the Gulf of Alaska) at 12:04am, on March 24, 1989. At the helm was of Gregory Cousins, Third Mate, who was not licensed to pilot the ship through Prince William Sound, whose waters were considered treacherous. Joseph Hazelwood, the captain of the ship, was apparently asleep below deck. Third Mate Cousins had tried to dodge floating ice, performing a series of strange right turns. When the ship hit Bligh Reef, its hull ruptured and much of the cargo spilled. In the next few days, the oil spread rapidly, causing the deaths of thousands of sea birds, sea otters, and other wildlife. It covered the coastline with oil from the ship resulting of the wreck and eventually contamination of marine life; the fishing season in the sound was halted for several years.
Abstract This paper discusses how Alaskans are used to numerous earthquakes, but the 2002 disaster in Fairbanks' hinterland pointed to the necessity of attending to immediate human results then quickly repairing road infrastructure. The state's insurance industry works collaboratively with state emergency planning towards properties rebuilt according to regulations meant to fortify structures.
From the Paper "Earthquakes in the area of Fairbanks, Alaska represent an important case in terms of how the dangers of earthquakes are evaluated, in responses to their accompanying losses, and also the intended response to future earthquakes. For instance, the March 1964 'Great Alaska Earthquake' had a strong impact on groundwater thousands of miles distant, in more than 700 ground wells in the continental United States to show water-level changes including one of 12-feet in a well in South Dakota; a well in Australia, for that matter, fluctuated by more than 2 feet after the same disaster. "
Abstract This paper explains that the present racial issue in Alaska, between whites and native Alaskans, goes back generations and continues into the most recent times. Today, native Alaskans constitute a small minority in cities but form the majority in the rural villages. The author describes the history of anti-discrimination legislation, school desegregation, imprisonment ratios and stereotypes. In Alaska, the media report a lot about the racial issues in other countries and in the mainland U.S. but not much about what has and is happening in Alaska. The paper urges that more attention to these racial problems would help end them.
From the Paper "On September 12, 2007, the United Nations passed a resolution for the Indigenous People. The declaration is a comprehensive statement addressing the rights of these peoples. It was drafted and formally debated for over 20 prior to being adopted. The text says indigenous peoples have the right to fully enjoy as a collective or as individuals, all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law."
Tags: segregation schools, age group, racial pride, organization
Abstract Discusses the Russian fur trade in Alaska, the need for Peter the Great to pay the expenses of his Royal Court, the colonization of Alaska in 1784, the impact on the native Tlingit tribe, and the U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.
From the Paper "This paper will compare and contrast the Fur Trade and the Mining Industry in Alaska between the years of 1700 and 1845. The paper will consist of ..."
Abstract The paper looks at south central Alaska that makes up modern day Anchorage. The paper examines the history of Anchorage and the building of its economy. The paper notes Alaska's statehood in 1959 and its growing population and growing oil revenues. The paper also discusses Alaska's seasons and climate.
From the Paper "South central Alaska makes up modern day Anchorage, which was inhabited originally by Eskimos in 3,000 BCE. By 1756 the time of European contact, the Athabaskan Denai'ina peoples replaced the Eskimos. Although Russian explores frequented the waters of southern Alaska, Captain James Cook is commonly believed to be the first to explore the Anchorage area in 1778. Russian influence remained strong throughout the next century as the Alaskan Peninsula served as the headquarters of a profitable fur trading organization. Despite the success of the fur trade, Russia decided to sell the area called Russian America to the United States for $7, 200,000. Gold mining in the south-central region made up the bulk of economic activity for the next 45 years."
Abstract The paper relates that the continuance and historical understanding of the remaining approximate 200 tribal languages in Alaska is a significant cultural and educational concern for the American Indian and Alaska Native societies. The paper looks at the Yupik language in order to determine how to study and preserve it. The paper presents a research proposal to contrast and compare Yupik tales to other tales from the Native-Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. This would allow an examination of the differences and similarities between cultures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Proposal
From the Paper "Languages have subtle nuances that cannot be translated. They embody the philosophy of a people. This information is gone when its language disappears. Linguists now believe that half the languages spoken today will disappear within the next century. This is true for some Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska, where just 20 years ago all of the children spoke Yupik. Now, the youngest speakers of Yupik in some of these communities are in their 20s, and the children speak only English (Robins; Alaskan Native Language Center)."
Abstract This paper explains that Velma Wallis' book "Two Old Women: An Alaska Legend of Betrayal, Courage and Survival" tells a story based on a legend among the Athabascan Indians of the upper Yukon river area in Alaska. The author relates that, according to the customs of the tribe, the elderly are left behind during difficult times for the tribe so that the others may live. In the story, two old women are left to die; however, they prove that they can survive. The paper stresses that Wallis believes people possess hidden gifts that they do not develop until they need to.
From the Paper "The mantra for the two women becomes, "Let us die trying." Whether they succeed or not, then, they will have demonstrated their personal power and their refusal to sit down and die without a fight. They begin by taking inventory of their skills and by considering skills, they had in their youth but may not have used for many years. They see the need to revive these old skills now that they need them to survive. The women are left alone but not with nothing, for they still have their possessions and so can make use of what tools they own."
The paper attempts to show that exploitation of Alaskan oil and gas reserves would be detrimental to the environment of the region and, effectively, destroy it.
Abstract The author of the paper contends that, as energy costs continue to increase, many Americans are facing harsh realities at the gas pump. The paper's writer says that enormous resources available in Alaska appear to represent a short-term solution to this growing demand for oil and gas. The paper's author contends, however, that the unique qualities of the environmentally fragile Arctic National Wildlife Refuge are endangered by such exploitation. To determine what both sides have to say about this issue, the author of this paper provides a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning further exploitation of Alaska's oil and gas reserves and its concomitant environmental impact, followed by a summary of the research and the authors findings in the conclusion.
From the Paper "The existing protections that are in place are no accident, though. The legislation that set aside the wilderness and refuge areas of Alaska are the deliberate result of the U.S. government's decision to keep oil and gas development out of the ANWR specifically to preserve the region's wilderness. According to Stanke, "In 1960, Fred Seaton, as Interior Secretary for the Eisenhower administration, designated 8.9 million acres in the northeastern corner of Alaska the Arctic National Wildlife Range -- a sanctuary for wildlife and wilderness conservation" (Stanke 905). As Grover points out, Interior Secretary Seaton's 1960 withdrawal order clearly stated the purposes for which the new wildlife range was to be managed: preserving the 'unique wildlife, wilderness and recreational values' of the region" (1169). During the period 1960 and 1979, the U.S. Department of the Interior managed the Range in a fashion that was congruent with the intent of this statement in spite of the vast natural resources discovered near Prudhoe Bay (Grover 1169). According to Weaver and Asmus (2006), the Prudhoe Bay oil field is the largest oil field in the United States. Not surprisingly, these resources have attracted a great deal of attention from commercial interests, but Stanke notes that the fact that the Refuge exists at all is not a matter of chance or luck, but rather is the ". . . deliberate result of United States wilderness-preservation policy in place since the 1950s" (Stanke 906)."
