Abstract This paper examines the ideology of al Qaeda terrorism. In particular, the paper attempts to understand why al Qaeda is particularly successful at attracting well-educated people in the Muslim world. The paper studies the appeal of radical Islamist terrorism, how it differs from terrorism of the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of the al-Qaeda movement. The paper then examines the theology of the al-Qaeda movement that glorifies death and the implications of radical religious based religious movements for the modern world. The paper concludes with an examination of the careers of the two top leaders of al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri.
Tags: osama bin laden ayman al-zawahri, sayyid qutb al-qaeda alienation Terrorism
Abstract In this paper, the author argues that the rapid changes in society have allowed power to shift to "non-state" actors. The most notorious among them is the Al-Qaeda terror network. In this paper, the organization of Al-Qaeda is evaluated and its international connections are considered the reason for Al-Qaeda's continued operations. The author also examines Al-Qaeda's financing and the shared religious beliefs among its members. The September 11th attacks are also discussed.
Outline:
Research Questions
Introduction
Loose Network of People Connections
Case 1: Bombings in Istanbul
Solid Structured Organization
Finances
Case 2: September 11, 2001
Leads of the Al-Qaeda
The Al-Qaeda Today
Case 3: The Madrid Train Bombing
Conclusion
From the Paper "Al-Qaeda, the largest international terrorist network, is a distributed, roaming and non-territorial network. It functions as a hybrid peer-to-peer network through its combined use of advanced information technologies and traditional halawa exchanges, in which a central source triggers the actions that are carried out by individual nodes. It is organized in self-contained nodes that function autonomously and its responsibility and authority is devolved down to the lowest possible level. This networked structure of authority and accountability is most evident in al-Qaeda operations, as cells planned and carried out operations with considerable and independence."
Abstract This paper discusses whether al-Qaeda is still a threat to the world community. It outlines history of al-Qaeda and its ideology, which differs fundamentally from "traditional" terrorist organizations with specific political causes. The author argues that al-Qaeda has "metastized" from an organization into an ideology and cause.
From the Paper "On a Monday morning in the late summer this writer got a phone call from a friend telling him to turn on CNN. "Buddy, we're under attack," the friend said. What the writer and millions of other Americans saw in the ..."
Abstract This paper relates that terrorist activities can be examined as features of a general structural process, but it should be noted that al Qaeda's AGIL process is often distorted by factors not commonly faced by other organizations. The author explains that, in applying the AGIL process to the terrorist organization known as al Qaeda, factors such as adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency are evident. The paper points out that these factors operate in al Qaeda to a more limited degree than they do in more traditional and mainstream organizations.
From the Paper "In applying the AGIL process to the terrorist organization known as al Qaeda, it is evident that factors such as adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency continue to al Qaeda, but to a more limited degree than they do in more traditional and mainstream organizations. Terrorist activities can be examined as features of a general structural process, but it should be noted that al Qaeda's AGIL process is often distorted by factors not commonly faced by other organizations. For example, many of al Qaeda's functions are in conflict more often and are "on" or "off" more frequently and unexpectedly because of the global war on terror, which compels al Qaeda leaders, strategists, financiers, and cell members to be reactive much more often than they can be proactive."
Abstract This paper describes al Qaeda. The author points out al Qaeda's current goals as a terrorist organization. The paper examines the difficulties involved in locating operatives and in gathering information because members form small groups called cells.
From the Paper "According to Benjamin Wittes writing in "Atlantic Monthly", al-Qaeda is not a traditional uniformed military force. In fact it's not a geographically distinct military force at all. Rather, the organization is composed of cells scattered worldwide whose members seek to blend into the societies they wish to destroy. The organization's very nature makes distinguishing between combatants and noncombatants extremely difficult. When captured al-Qaeda, operatives often deny their affiliation. However, it is known that al-Qaeda has a specific set of goals. Furthermore there seems to be no ... '
Tags:Al Qaeda, terrorists, September 11, Madrid, suicide bomber, terrorism
Abstract This paper examines the marketing problems facing the Al Ahram Beverages Company, a manufacturer and distributor of beer in Egypt. The paper looks at the unique cultural challenges of marketing such a product within a Muslim country.
From the Paper "Al Ahram Beverages Company (AABC) is in a period of transition. It has gone from a publicly-held enterprise to a privately-owned company in Egypt, as part of a reform movement that included the privatization of many..."
Tags:Al Ahram Beverages company, case study, Egypt, competition, 4 Ps, marketing, product, price, place promotion, social change, liberalization, government owned monopoly
Abstract The paper is presented as a report which provides an initial review of the culture and society of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The report provides demographics, background and some general recommendations for corporate policy as the company expands its business into the Middle East. Specific recommendations are provided throughout the report to emphasize key points to be addressed in the corporate guidelines to be published at a future date.
From the Paper "In 1902, Abdul Aziz Al-Sa'ud and a band of his followers captured the city of Riyadh and placed the city under the control of the Al Saud family. Abdul Aziz spent the next 12 years consolidating the area around Riyadh and the eastern part of the country into the family kingdom. In order to restore law and order in the kingdom, Abdul Aziz implemented a system whereby every sheikh was responsible for his own tribe under the authority of the king who was empowered to intervene to impose law and order. Saudi Arabia subsequently became an absolute monarchy with no political parties. King Fahd, who succeeded in 1982, appoints a Council of Ministers to run day-to-day affairs. A consultative council (Majlis as-Shura), numbering about 60, has been established to advise the monarch; it has no formal powers."
Abstract This paper examines how the breakdown of authority and religion in society has been weakening society for years. The author discusses how in films this breakdown is part of an artistic movement called modernity, and uses the films "Romeo and Juliet" and "Vivre Sa Vie" as examples of the movement.
From the Paper:
"Modernity is described as the making of the new. It was inspired with the rise of consumerism, and of middle class or bourgeois values. New forms of photography can artistically display it as cinematography in visual culture, as well as in the topics and subjects of films, plays, and television shows. There are three main aspects of modernity, breaking down of authority including religion, consumer culture and basic societal consumption, and the mixing and combining of genres."
Abstract This paper examines the procedures followed in order to perform the SAS 300. The paper discusses the purpose of these procedures and emphasizes the importance of the role of effective internal control procedures in corporate governance, along with the need for auditors to be fully familiar with the internal control systems in organizations that they are called upon to audit.
From the Paper "The Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, more generally known as the Cadbury Report taken from the name of the Committee Chair Adrian Cadbury, noted that "an effective internal control system is a key aspect of the efficient management of a company" (Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, 1992, Section 4.32). The Committee went on to enumerate a number of actions that they considered to be essential for an effective internal control function within an organization. These essential actions were as follows: (1) the directors of an organization should report on the effectiveness of their system of internal control, and this report should be included in the organization's annual report; and (2) organizations should develop a set of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of their internal control functions (Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, 1992, Section 5.16). Additionally, to be effective, the reports prepared and the records maintained by an internal auditing function must be relevant, reliable, accessible, complete, accurate, and timely (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, 1999). Chapman (1995) noted that the role of the internal auditor has been changed dramatically by computer processing and especially by computer software. These tools facilitate the work of the internal auditor in meeting the new responsibilities accruing to the internal audit function as a consequence of changes in the approach to corporate governance and the requirements of SAS 300."
Abstract The paper offers an introduction to the threat that Al-Qaeda poses to the world and outlines the background of Osama Bin-Laden, Ayman Al-Zawahiri and the fundamentalist movements that inspired them. The paper looks at the world view of the leaders of Al-Qaeda and the stages of Al-Qaeda's operations. Finally, the paper explores some options for dealing with the threat Al-Qaeda poses.
Outline:
Introduction
Osama Bin Laden and Ayman Al-Zawahiri History
Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood
World View of Bin-Laden and Al-Zawahiri, Israel, the US and Infidels
Al-Qaeda Stages of Operation, The Arab World, The Third World and All the World
Conclusion
From the Paper "Al-Qaeda and its leaders, Osama Bin Laden and Ayman Al-Zawahiri are frequently popular world news subjects. The world seems to want to be constantly aware of the goings on of these people and their organization. There is no secret to the desired need for this information. As most people know Al-Qaeda is a significant and ongoing threat to the world, with regard to terrorist activities and continued fundamentalist extremism with regard to jihad, or what these extremists see as a holy war against the rest of the world, but mostly the Western world."
Abstract This paper explains the story from the Qur'an, Surat Al-Kahf, about Moses (Musa or Alai) and Al-Khidr (the Verdant One or the Fertile One). The author points out that research states that Al-Khidr was Koranic Idris that appears in Sura 18/66 in terms of the cave. The paper relates that, during the point when Moses met Khidr at the rivers, there were five particular laws of teachings or hanifs or illuminati: laws of involuntionary and evolutionary cycles, of emanation and manifestation, of the heart-mind (galb), of science of light (hikmat al-ilraq) and of the spiritual communion with the hierarchical beings. The author states that popular tradition suggests that Al-Khidr, the Green One, lived during the time of the biblical prophet Abraham and that he still may be seen at sacred places. The paper concludes that the person named, the Verdent One, still plays the critical role in Islamic mysticism.
From the Paper "One day, Moses delivered a sermon that was so powerful that people were so overwhelmed. Everyone had his attention and vowed to follow his advice. A person asked Moses, since he is the messenger of Allah, is there anyone else that is so equivalent in his teachings. Moses replied no, thinking to himself that Allah gave him this wisdom to persuade and guide, which is an honor coming from the Torah. However, Moses thought to himself, there have to be another person with greater wisdom and further knowledge than me. Moses prayed to Allah to identify this person or give him a sign that would notify him of this person with greater wisdom and knowledge (min ladunni ilma) than Moses."
Abstract This study takes a look at the Islamic group Al Qaeda and provides an overview of its organizational and developmental history. Additionally, the group's base and location of operations and its financing and support sources are reviewed, as well as an analysis of Al Qaeda's motivations, ideology and purpose. A list of Al Qaeda's adversaries and enemies and a description of locations and tactics used in its attacks is also provided. In addition, a review of countermeasures that have been shown to be effective against Al Qaeda is also presented, followed by an analysis of the projected future for the group. Furthermore, the paper discusses potential security management solutions and countermeasures that could be deployed against these projected future threats. This discussion is then followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. This paper includes pictures and tables.
Outline:
Abstract
Al Qaeda: Current and Future Trends
Review and Discussion
Name of the Organization and "Type" of Terrorist Group.
Organizational and Developmental History.
Base or Sanctuary; and Location of Operations.
Financing/Support Sources.
Motivations, Ideology and Purpose.
Adversaries/Enemies.
Location of Attacks and Tactics Employed.
Countermeasures or Anti-terrorist Options/Strategies That Have Been Successful
Projected Future.
Security Management Solutions and Countermeasures.
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "There has been some progress in the war on terrorism since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and countering the threat represented by al Qaeda. For example, the removal of the Taliban government in Afghanistan served to eliminate al Qaeda's sanctuary and training camps and destroyed an important connection in the process that once provided al Qaeda's leadership with a continuing stream of new recruits. Unfortunately, continues to face a serious threat as the organization's leadership rebounds from setback after setback to reemerge in yet another region of the world to threaten U.S. interests at home and abroad. In this environment, identifying current and future trends for this organization represents a timely and important enterprise, and these issues are the focus of this study."
Tags: terrorism religion funding, war against terrorism
Abstract This paper explains that bin Laden continued the development of his ideological and religious radicalization and military acumen while fighting with guerrilla-style Islamic troops against the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s. He became a raging tyrant against American and Saudi Arabia after the kingdom invited U.S. troops to use an air station in Saudi Arabia. The author points out that the motivation for members of the Al Qaeda Islamic combines both religious fanaticism and cool pragmatism. The paper relates that an example of the sophistication employed by al Qaeda in the pre-planning and strategic military preparation for September 11's attacks is that the 19 trained Muslim hijackers were kept in the dark about the specifics of the operation because letting all 19 know the details would risk one or more of them sharing that information with someone who might not be able to keep it secret.
Table of Contents
Bin Laden's Motivation
The Philosophy and Methods of al Qaeda's Terrorism
Military Training
New Breed of Terrorists
Motivation and Bloodthirsty Strategy on a Spiritual Level
Funding
The al Qaeda Military Strategy: Do Not Tell the Hijackers their Mission
The 9/11 Commission Report: What Happened and Why?
From the Paper "While at the university bin Laden also began studying the thinking of Egyptian Islamic radical, Sayyid Qutb, "whose writings deeply influence bin Laden's religious views", according to Bin Laden, Islam and America's New War on Terrorism. Qutb was an influential fundamentalist thinker and agitator who was arrested by Nasser, the Egyptian president, and executed in 1966. The writings of Qutb continue to inspire and motivate Islamic extremists throughout the world. Bin Laden obviously picked up some of his rhetoric and hate from Qutb's writings, in particular the "takfir method". A "kafir" in Arabic is "an infidel or unbeliever" and to "declare takfir is to ascertain who is the unbeliever in the midst." I t's important to note that Qutb was not talking just about Americans or westerners as "infidels" - he was talking about fellow Muslims who were not taking up the campaign of violence against the west."
Abstract This paper provides a broad outline of the various known elements and aspects of the Al Qa'ida terrorist network, with a special focus on the role Osama Bin Laden. A brief biography of Bin Laden's life is presented, as well as a history of the organization. The role of fundamentalist Islamic ideologies in relation to Al Qa'ida is examined as well as Al Qa'ida's links to international militant Islamic organizations. Terror attacks attributed to Al Qa'ida are also highlighted.
Abstract
Origins
Osama Bin Laden
From the Paper "A crucial part of the history of Al Qa'ida is that the fight against the Soviet Union was not conducted in conventional terms, but was seen as a holy war against the aggressor. This resulted in volunteers and supporters from throughout the Muslim world rallying to the call. Furthermore, the resistance experience fused together Islamic fighters from a wide range of backgrounds and views to create the central kernel of the new organization. "Muslims from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Southeast Asia, and beyond fought side by side, forging relationships and creating a cadre of veterans who shared a powerful life experience, a more global view,..." (Jenkins 2002. p. 3)"
Abstract This paper reviews the funding sources for al-Qaeda's past and current terrorist activities. The paper reports ways in which governments are attempting to block funds for terrorists. It discusses problems with some of the methods used to determine what money is being channeled to terrorist groups and reviews suggestions on how their efforts might be enhanced and improved.
Table of Contents:
Financing Al-Qaeda
Funding The Attacks Of September 11, 2001
Counterfeit Fund-raising
Solutions For Cutting Off Al-Qaeda Funding Sources
Islamic Charities Linked To Al-Qaeda
Counter-terrorism And Reality
"Shell Companies" Are Easy To Create
From the Paper "Meanwhile, some caution should be used when federal agencies in the U.S. seize assets of Islamic charities they believe to be connected to Al-Qaeda. That is the viewpoint of Patricia Rodriguez-Rey, whose thesis at the Naval Postgraduate School (Rodriguez-Rey 2006 p. 1) points to the fact that "Islamic charities account for a large portion of humanitarian assistance throughout the world." In her research paper ("A Balancing Act: Anti-Terror Financing Guidelines & Their Effects on Islamic Charities") the writer explains that the law enforcement agency within the Justice Department that handles seizures of charity-related assets is the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) division. Unfortunately, the PATRIOT ACT policies often "require little proof before assets are frozen and groups are blacklisted" (Rodriguez-Rey p. 4), and that can be unfair and unproductive."
