This paper is an in-depth overview of the aspects of the HIV / AIDS epidemic, including the profound issues and statistics on the virus in the developing and industrialized world.
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of AIDS epidemic in terms of its derivation and the possible causes of AIDS. It describes AIDS in developing countries and those countries' national government strategy for battling it, the paper continues by investigating AIDS in industrialized countries and comparing these policies to those in developing countries. To better understanding the differences locally and internationally, certain sample countries have been used to illustrate the situation. The paper also explores the global AIDS prevention strategy and evaluates how HIV vaccine developing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overrview of AIDS Introduction of AIDS Global Picture of AIDS Distribution of AIDS AIDS in Developing Countries
Sex between Men in the Developing World
Government Strategy on Sex between Men
Education in Asia
Strategy Effectiveness
HIV Vaccine in Developing Countries
Thailand
South America
Africa
The Spread of Injecting and Drug Use in Developing Countries
The Golden Triangle
Drugs in Russia
AIDS in Industrialized Countries
American Syringe Exchange
Strategy Effectiveness
Syringe Exchange in the UK
NHS and Local Health Authorities
Global AIDS Strategy
World Health Organization
Global AIDS Societies
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
From the Paper "AIDS is now found worldwide. While, what is AIDS? Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) stated, ?AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the result of damage to the immune system: the resultant deficiency in its functions allows certain specific opportunistic infections or tumours to flourish.? It is an opportunistic virus, which could take the opportunity to damage human being's immune system and cause death.
"In 1986, there is a hypothesis released in St. Mary's Hospital (1986), that is the disease may have originated in Central Africa and then expand to Caribbean, USA and Europe. While there are more and more scientists argued the origin of AIDS, Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) argued that ?AIDS was first identified as a distinct syndrome in 1981 as the consequence of a cluster of cases amongst gay men in large US cities with highly visible and established gay communities.? Peter Aggleton (1994) found that how serious that AIDS expand worldwide, the epidemic has increased over 100-fold since AIDS was identified in 1981, according to the research for the Harvard-based Global AIDS Policy. By 1992 at lease 12.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV (7.1 million men, 4.7 million women, 1.1 million children)."
Abstract The cost of AIDS is another important issue. First, people are afraid of contracting AIDS from the infected person. Prejudice against those with AIDS is another problem. Because AIDS has no cure, some employees will quit rather than associate with an AIDS-Infected co-worker. As a general policy, employees with AIDS should be treated the same as other handicapped employees.
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes AIDS in Tropical Africa. Issues covered include recent statistics relating to different countries within Africa, spatial distribution and patterns of spread, and an evaluation of the social, cultural, and behavioral reasons why AIDS is spreading so rapidly. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention, projects to reduce the spread of AIDS, and the use of drugs in AIDS treatments in Africa.
Abstract This paper discusses HIV/AIDS both in general terms and in relation to the dynamic HIV/AIDS has created across the African continent. The paper examines, in depth, the cause, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It gives emphasis to testing, treatment, and prevention strategies currently employed and under development; primarily adjusting antiretroviral treatment strategies. Finally, it briefly examines how HIV/AIDS has changed and is changing the demographic structure across Africa and some reasons why HIV/AIDS is so prevalent in that region.
From the Paper "AIDS/HIV and Africa HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Overview HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is a virus in a group of viruses called retroviruses and destroys cells in the body called CD4 T-cells. CD4 T-cells are a type of a white blood cell or a lymphocyte which are part of the body's immune system. These cells are vital to protect the body against various bacteria, viruses and other forms of infecting agents (Freiberg). AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a term which covers the range of infections and illnesses resulting from a weakened auto immune system caused by HIV. This distinction is important; one can be HIV positive and not to be suffering from AIDS (Freiberg). Most often there exists a lengthy period of time, usually several years, from first being infected with HIV, and the development of infections and other AIDS related issues."
Abstract This paper investigates the effectiveness of current HIV/AIDS prevention programs currently implemented in Africa. It asks the questions about the type of prevention programs are being implemented, which types are the most effective, and what is lacking within these programs, since they are failing to stop the AIDS epidemic in Africa. In addition, this paper briefly describes economic effects of the AIDS epidemic. Causes of the rise of AIDS are provided in the introduction.
From the Paper "Fifteen years ago, there were some regions of the world that remained untouched by AIDS. Now, however, there is not a single country around the world that has escaped the AIDS epidemic (Christensen, 2000). Some of the developed nations hit by the epidemic in the 1980's have slowed the rate of new infections and lowered mortality rates (Christensen, 2000). Although many countries are changing the devestation of AIDS, no region of the world has a higher AIDS-related burden than sub-Saharan Africa. The statistics are shocking. Sixty seven percent of the 33 million people living with AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Hunter, 2003 p. 29). Of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, eighty three percent have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Hunter, 2003 p. 8). In sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of 4 adults is HIV positive (Hunter, 2003 p. 11). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa (Christensen, 2000). Africans infected with HIV die much sooner after diagnosis than HIV-infected people in other parts of the world (Hunter, 2003 p. 207). Survival time after diagnosis of AIDS ranged from nine to twenty-six months (Hunter, 2003 p. 62). In Africa, the survival time of patients with AIDS ranged from five to nine months (Hunter, 2003 p. 78). The reasons that people who are infected are dieing so quickly is because of the lack of effective prevention programs, lack of government involvement, and a lack of healthcare (Meyer-Weitz and Steyn, 1992, Lejeune, 1993, Christensen, 2000, Martz, 2001, and Sewpaul, 2001). This paper examines the reasons for the spread of AIDS. It also analyzes the effectiveness of current prevention programs implemented in Africa to stop the rise of AIDS. In addition, this paper briefly touches on the economic effects of AIDS. The AIDS problem has the ability to crush the nation's work force and economy."
Tags:aids, country, economics, hiv, multi, orphanhood, program
Abstract In this article, the writer examines how AIDS affects women in particular. This paper looks at the feminization of AIDS, especially in Africa. In the discussion of AIDS in this article, the writer notes that war has resulted in thousands of girls and women being raped and infected in Africa. This paper also looks at statistics of AIDS in the United States, with particular reference to African American women.
From the Paper "The UN Security Council has recognized the growing security threat of HIV AIDS by adopting a Resolution and by the UN AIDS Office of AIDS establishing the Office of AIDS Security and Humanitarian Resources in July. A Declaration of Commitment on HIV AIDS was adopted in June and the UN AIDS Secretariat developed a two-year strategic work plan to strengthen leadership and partnerships on HIV AIDS as a security issue. The UN AIDS Security and Humanitarian Response focuses on three main areas: international security, which includes international peacekeepers, national security ... "
Abstract This paper examines the value of foreign aid programs, which has always been debated, for providing foreign aid to underdeveloped countries is a process that is far from perfect. Upon examining all of the pertinent issues and choosing a position to support, this paper shows that reciprocity should influence decisions involving foreign aid assistance to Cambodia, even though this may reduce the humanitarian benefits of foreign aid and harm the innocent along with the guilty. But realistic assessments must prevail, for throwing money at problems is not a solution and never has been.
From the Paper "The value of foreign aid programs has always been debated, for providing foreign aid to underdeveloped countries is a process that is far from perfect. Upon examining all of the pertinent issues and choosing a position to support, it is evident that reciprocity should influence decisions involving foreign aid assistance to Cambodia, even though this may reduce the humanitarian benefits of foreign aid and harm the innocent along with the guilty. But realistic assessments must prevail, for throwing money at problems is not a solution and never has been. (Johnson) Idealistic proponents of foreign aid contend that American foreign aid to the Cambodian government is not the problem, administering it is the problem."
Abstract This paper presents a plan for teaching AIDS education to high school students. The author of this paper opens the paper with a discussion about AIDS and teens then formulates a plan for the implementation of teaching the curriculum to the student body. The plan centers on learning AIDS facts, learning prevention methods and understanding how it affects lives. There are many useful and innovative tools that are incorporated into the plan.
Abstract This paper examines the AIDS problem in Africa, its scope, and what is being done to combat the problem. It looks at differences in the various countries, and the few successful anti-AIDS programs that have worked. It gives the statistics on the numbers of people infected and who have died from AIDS and predictions for the future of the epidemic.
From the Paper "AIDS has been described as the worst health calamity since the Middle Ages and could possibly be the worst ever according to a CNN report ..."
Abstract This paper describes how traditional Chinese medicine can be used to help those with HIV/AIDS. The paper begins by comparing the methods of medicine in the Chinese tradition vs. the Western tradition. Next the paper provides a brief explanation of HIV/AIDS. The paper then cites various Chinese herbs that are used to treat HIV/AIDS. The paper concludes with a comparison of the cost effectiveness of Chinese medicine versus Western medicine.
Abstract This paper reviews three articles on HIV/AIDS, all dealing with the challenge of delivering effective services to HIV/AIDS clients in a wide variety of settings. The articles focus on correctional drug treatment programs, inmates in correctional settings, and job satisfaction of those working in community-based HIV/AIDS organizations.
From the Paper "In spite of the progress being made by the medical community to treat HIV/ AIDS, professionals and policy makers continue to face the formidable challenge of delivering effective services to HIV/AIDS clients in a wide variety of settings. This literature review..."
Abstract This paper discusses the nature of AIDS and its physical effects, what it does to the humane immune system and body and the prognosis. The author points out the psychological, medical and sociological effects on the AIDS infected person. The paper relates the uses of psychotherapy for people suffering from AIDS.
From the Paper "The CDC reports that there are currently ... millions people in the world who are living with HIV-AIDS. Of these, ... million are adults, .... million are women and ... million are children under ... years of age. In it was estimated that over ... million ..."
Abstract This paper explores the etiology of HIV/AIDS infections among African-American women, the impact of HIV/AIDS upon the African-American woman, and the theoretical issues proposed through risk and resiliency to these points of discussion. Risk issues include reasons of infection and the social and personal costs associated with coping with HIV/AIDS in the self and others.
From the Paper "HIV/AIDS is a problem for all Americans, regardless of race, age, or gender, but some demographics suffer the impact of these diseases more than others (Miller et al, 2004). African-American women bear a statistically disproportionate rate of increase than any other group, even when it is taken into consideration that "the overwhelming majority of AIDS cases have always been, and continue to be, among adolescent and adult men who became infected with HIV through male-to-male sexual contact" (Social Work Speaks). In African-American women, however, the overall infection rate for HIV is unprecedented in any other population; "though only 13% of the U.S. female population, African- Americans constitute 57% of AIDS cases and 67% of HIV infections among women" (Robinson et al, 2002; 82)."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that every workplace environment, regardless of the amount of hazards or type of environment, should have a basic first aid, CPR and blood born pathogen training program or, at the very least, an emergency response plan. The writer maintains that the benefits and needs for proper employee training and precautions in such areas as first aid, CPR and blood borne pathogen protection are essential in today's business world. Not only may such training save a life, it will ensure that all employees are properly protected and, if all standards are properly followed, may protect the employer from potential areas of liability. The writer concludes that for this reason, all employers should, at a minimum, offer its employees a basic course in first aid and CPR.
From the Paper "Cariopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is an emergency first procedure used on a victim of cardiac arrest. Although CPR is part of the emergency medical provider's chain of survival, which includes early access to emergency medical services, early CPR, early defibrillation and early advanced care, it is a procedure that can be performed by laypersons. In fact, because CPR is such a vital component in saving a person's lives, it is highly advised that all people become fully trained in CPR procedures. This is especially true in the workplace setting.
"CPR is a skill that must be learned from professional training and through regular practice and review courses. Typically training involves hands-on practice using a resuscitation mannequin. Like all first aid procedures, CPR is a skill that should be learned at the beginning of an employment relationship and not as a reaction to an employment emergency situation. Because CPR is such a specific procedure, it is best if it is taught by an expert, which will allow the person to perform CPR in an effective and safe manner."
This paper analyzes the workings of the Temporary Aid for Needy Families program, also known as TANF, which is a federal program of financial assistance for low-income families.
Abstract This paper focuses on the main goals of TANF. TANF is a federal grant program intended to make significant reforms to the U.S. Welfare system by converting traditional welfare into a program of temporary assistance. The writer contends and explains why the TANF is an important transformation in welfare policy. This paper details the various ways in which the TANF aids low-income families. The TANF encourages the creation and maintenance of two-parent families as well as offering aid to families in order to end their dependency on the government. The TANF offers assistance in obtaining long-term employment, while also educating single women on the pitfalls of having children outside of marriage. The writer details the TANF's eligibility requirements, which depends on income, assets, marital status and the number of minor children in the household. This paper examines the views and opinions of those for and against welfare reform and the TANF program. This paper contains a table which lists state-wide TANF recipients over a span of seven years. The writer also presents a graph that illustrates the percentage of the U.S. population on welfare.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Debate Over TANF: Supporters and Opponents
Future Expectations of TANF
Historical Data
Graph
References
From the Paper "TANF was enacted following a bitter debate regarding the characteristics of welfare dependency and the possible impact of culminating the welfare privilege and laying importance on work as an alternative. The conservatives were confirmed as correct that the welfare system itself led to dependence and that several welfare mothers as an alternative measure could hold down jobs or depend on others for help. A work supportive welfare system of narrow, short-term help efficiently took off several mothers off welfare. On a more basic note, the massive decline on dependency on welfare and the growth in work does not appear to have considerably modified the lives of these families. Prior to TANF, state leaders, the conservatives included, also stayed aloof from workforce program due to the expenses and administrative challenges concerned and the political disagreement they produced."
