Abstract This paper explains prescribed fires are relatively small brush fires, carefully planned and executed, which help the ecosystem by recycling nutrients from old wood and leaves, by controlling insect populations and by preparing the soil for new trees and grasses. The author points out that prescribed fires are not always beneficial because, when conditions are wrong, prescribed fire can severely damage the very resource it was intended to benefit. The paper relates that resource managers have learned to manipulate fire-caused changes in plant and animal communities to meet their needs and those of humankind, while at the same time preserving underlying natural processes and functions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
How it Works
Pros and Cons
Using Small Fires to Prevent Big Fires
The Slash and Burn Method
Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper "Older areas of timber or brush often have significantly more bare ground beneath the older trees because of the increased competition for both water and nutrients. This bare ground is subject to erosion during heavy rains or rapid snow melting, resulting in a loss of soil from the area and increased loadings of sediment in downstream areas. As with wildlife habitat, fire can be utilized to create openings and reduce the density of these older, decadent areas, allowing grasses and shrubs to move back in. The increase in grasses and shrubs can help hold both water and soils in place, reducing the overland flow of water, the loss of soil, and the sedimentation of streams."
Abstract This paper presents an overview and discussion of Wendell Berry's book about the plight of American farmers and our responsibility for stewardship of the land. The paper concludes that the arguments presented in "The Unsettling of America" about our duty to protect and keep the land are very persuasive, but that Berry must also provide some insight into how we are to go about doing so.
From the Paper "What should worry all of us is that the farmer is going the way of flypaper, and is being replaced by the agricultural corporation, with computers and agri-science experts to know just how much fertilizer and weed killers the ground can take, and how much production it will take to get beef cattle to market quicker than before. Farming, he implies, has become mass merchandising, and by people who generally wouldn't use some of the products they merchandise."
Abstract Never before in the history of mankind have we faced an environmental dilemma with the worldwide effects of soil erosion. The problem is so severe, that many experts fear the land will not be able to produce enough food to feed the world's population in the next century. The paper discusses the problem as two fold - marginal land and deforestation. Much of the world's land is marginal sandy desert and sub-desert. In order to feed and house their growing populations many countries in South America, Asia, and Africa clear the world's forests to create more grazing land. The paper shows that, although much of this land has rich soil, the effect of deforestation is an increase in soil erosion. Once the trees are removed, the soil erodes and soon becomes marginal. Combined this with the problem of acid rain, other forms of pollution, and over population, and it is obvious we are entering a time of intense food scarcity.
From the Paper "In order to preserve life for future generations, we must preserve the soil. Conservation and research are the keys to the future. Conservation and improving soil quality will prevent food shortages in the future. The quality of food today has decreased to dangerously low levels. In spite of increased knowledge about nutrition and advancements in medicine, people today are not as healthy as previous generations. We suffer from nutrient deficiencies related to the poor quality of soil."
Abstract This paper studies the connection between agriculturally-based land pollution, such as from herbicides and pesticides, and contaminated water. The paper presents research studies and statistics that indicate that this is the most significant and damaging source of water pollution. The paper also looks at the impact of water diversion through damning for irrigation projects. The paper concludes by discussing the international ramifications of land-based water pollution.
From the Paper "Rachel Carson, in her landmark book "Silent Spring" was the first to discover the pollution and contamination of land as well as water by insecticides. These chemicals are absorbed in the earth, and then run off into water- lakes or rivers and streams, and eventually into the oceans. The most recent catastrophe on Chesapeake Bay which contaminated almost the entire shrimp and scallop crop was presumed to have been caused by a chemical spill which began a "fouling" process that was like a fatal domino effect. From the pristine water, of the Bay it then ran off into nearby farmland, not only damaging crops, but also polluting one of the largest poultry producing areas in the country."
Abstract Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper "In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
This paper reviews "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" by Julie Moir Messervy, which explores the possibilities of creating garden spaces that work on us in an intimate fashion.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 39.95
Abstract This paper explains Julie Moir Messervy in her book "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" defines archetypal landscapes or spaces, which are universally evocative and meaningful, the landscape of "within-ness" or "immersion". The author points out that these gardens may include features such as water, a very large sweep of grass, a very dense growth of bamboo in a thicket or a cave. The paper suggests a very important element in the construction of gardens is the use of walls or sections of fencing to separate different areas of the landscape, to create the background for demonstration of garden art or to hide unsightly views.
From the Paper "They also have a sense of isolation which may prompt guests to spend some time there and think about the unexpected turns of life that they have faced. When one has changed the house in winter, then they normally wait for spring to arrive so that they start on designing the landscapes for the new yards that they have. Yet, this is not an easy task, and landscaping the complete yard, with a lot of nooks and crannies may be a big task. This can be simplified with the use of temporary annuals till one has decided on the correct combination of perennials or shrubs. These can be of warm colors like red and orange and they will provide a bright background to draw attention to the area. If the area is too large, then cool colors like blue or green should be used to make the area appear smaller and more distant."
Abstract This paper provides a history of agriculture in Syria from the beginning of the last century. It shows how agricultural trends have shifted and examines the outlook for the future.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
History of Agriculture
Early 20th Century
Middle 20th Century
Latter 20th century
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Beginning in 1950, Syrian farmers expanded the use of fertilizers and new seeds, and began practicing new farming techniques. As a result, productivity in cotton, fruit and vegetable cultivation improved. In 1953, agriculture provided 40 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Changes in rainfall rates affected crops, with secondary effects on the rest of the economy: trade, transport, and food processing. The low rate of growth of transportation had an adverse effect on the development of important agricultural regions."
Abstract In this paper the author outlines the poverty, malnutrition, disease and lack of good agriculture that is abundant in the rural areas of India. He highlights villages where tragedy has occurred. The author proceeds to discuss suggestions of how to improve the plight of these despondent rural areas and gives examples of how to support non-agricultural labor through education programs in order to stimulate and maintain growth elsewhere in rural economies, reducing the reliance upon unreliable environmental conditions present in agriculture. The author also points out that critical both to agriculture and to quality of life in general, are such issues as irrigation, sanitation and medical attention, which he suggests can be addressed by aid organizations. The author suggests ways that these issues can be addressed through government bodies and other charity organizations. In conclusion he states that it is imperative to provide economic stimulus to the country as a whole through increased agricultural output and increased work-force strength both in terms of health and education.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Model Exploration
Proposal Based on Model Systems
From the Paper "As is apparent from the models provided in Zimbabwe, Malawi and the Bihar Plateau, support of agriculture is key to addressing both immediate and long-term nutritional needs as well as economic growth of rural areas. Because of the symbiosis present between poverty and under nutrition, short-term measures such as emergency food and water relief are not sufficient to address the problem of under nutrition on an ongoing basis, and chronic use places undue fiscal burden on aid organizations and the Indian government. A more far-sighted and ultimately successful method of resolution incorporates both top-down and bottom-up relief, integrating short-term, immediate relief efforts with long-term, delayed benefit policies."
Abstract Genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genetic makeup of organisms and is especially common within the agricultural industry. This paper shows that during recent years, the appearance of genetically modified foods in the marketplace has spawned much heated debate in the public arena regarding the ecological and human health factors. The paper explores some of these issues and examines the views of those who are pro-GM and their critics.
From the Paper "The ISP report claims that not only have GM crops failed to increase yields or reduce herbicide and pesticide use, they have cost the United States an estimated $12 billion in farm subsidies, lost sales and product recalls due to transgenic contamination (Independent pp). Moreover, in India, massive failures in "Bt cotton" are up 100 percent (Independent pp). Moreover, triple herbicide-tolerate volunteers that have combined transgenic and non-transgenic traits are now widespread in Canada, and multiple herbicide-tolerant volunteers and weeds have emerged in the United State (Independent pp)."
Abstract The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is used to describe agricultural crops and plants which are grown for both human and animal consumption, through the use of techniques from the science of molecular biology. This paper examines the heated debate which surrounds the topic of GM products. In many third word countries, GM products are associated more with big business and money and less with help for poverty stricken countries. The paper shows that, nevertheless, the prevalence of GM produce cultivation and usage is on the increase globally. The paper includes a graph.
From the Paper "Despite these aspects, there is a large body of dissent and opinion against GM products in the third world and elsewhere. Much of this disagreement originates from developing counties, particularly in Africa. There are many reasons given for the opposition to GM crops. The central argument against GM products is that many feel that these foods have not been tested enough over a sufficient period of time. Many critics also see the use of GM product in third world countries as a form of experimentation. There is also a high degree of awareness throughout the word of the possible dangers of tampering with the genetic composition of foodstuffs."
This well-researched paper details Pennsylvania as state with a long and rich history as well as vast natural resources and a vigorous environmental program.
Abstract The writer of this paper clearly details the ecological and environmental makeup of Pennsylvania, while also supplying relevant data and statistics regarding the state's economy. Due to the abundant supply of ore and hardwoods for furnaces, iron smelting became important in the 18th century and by the 19th century, Pennsylvania became the nation's leading steel producer. Although the state still manufactures metal products, chemicals and transportation equipment, this paper describes how heavy industry has declined in recent years. This paper delves into Pennsylvania's rich history while citing several major events. Pennsylvania has also been the site for some of America's most horrendous ecological disasters. In 1889, the South Fork Dam gave way after a heavy rain and destroyed the downstream factory town of Johnstown, killing over 2,000 people in what has come to be known as the notorious Johnstown Flood. The first oil well in the U.S. was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859. Pennsylvania became a leader in the U.S. iron industry during the days of the American Revolution. This paper also discusses the fact that Pennsylvania spends a disproportionate share of development money on outlying areas while abandoning established communities, just one of the reasons why Pennsylvania still has a long way to go before it will be a sustainable state.
From the Paper "Pennsylvania's state forest system includes sixty-one special natural areas and fourteen wild areas that are set aside to "protect unique or unusual biologic, geologic, scenic and historic features, or to showcase outstanding examples of Pennsylvania's major forest communities." Generally speaking, sustainable forestry is defined as protecting the long-term health and viability of forests by using management techniques that value "all uses of the forests," thus, protecting the forest "ecosystem, recreation, clean water, and the production of timber for current and future generations." Pennsylvania employs sustainable forestry practices of its 2.1 million acres of state forestlands. In 1998 and 1999, a team of scientists praised Pennsylvania's commitment to its forests and its "exemplary practices and innovation in managing forest resources."
Abstract This paper presents a response to a Cost of Community Services Study that compared the costs of providing municipal services to agriculture and other sectors of the community with the tax revenues generated by each sector. The paper looks at whether the study adequately quantifies financial benefits and discusses the inadequacies of the study.
From the Paper "It is difficult to make a definite decision because of the lack of valid information about the achieved benefits and the lack of valid information about the potential economic benefits. However, it is suggested that these kinds of efforts do have value. For this value to be seen though, the efforts need to be organized and managed better. For example, the potential economic benefits need to be identified, including the potential income from farm products and the potential income via tourism. If proper research was conducted, an effective plan could be developed to take best advantage of the opportunities. The promotional activities could then be effectively directed. Resources from within the community, including time and money, could also be directed effectively to gain the best economic advantages."
This well-researched paper examines the sudden resurgence of interest in medicinal plants, which is due not only to their potential health benefits but also to the enormous amounts of money involved as well.
Abstract This paper supplies significant research which proves that medicinal plants, commonly referred to as medicinal herbs, have been successfully used by man for more than 60 thousand years. The uses of medicinal plants have ranged through the entire spectrum of the physical and psychological maladies that can afflict the human race. The writer of this paper examines the various vaccines made from medicinal plant preparations which are designed for oral consumption as well as the numerous health benefits attained by properly ingesting these herbs. This paper also analyzes the business aspect of the medicine plant trade. Through relevant research, this paper estimates that world sales of medicines derived from plants, discovered and collected by indigenous tribes and cultures in 1990, amounted to some $43 billion.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Etiology, Applications and Common Medicinal Plants Today
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "According to Zerner, the majority of the knowledge about medicinal plants today has been accumulated based on empirical observations over long periods of time. Likewise, Crellin and Philpott note that observations of the use of different plants by sick animals has always been a valuable source of information for early practitioners, and many continue to believe this is a valuable source of reliable information concerning the efficacy of medicinal plants today. Even the nonmedicinal uses of these various plant materials has helped the body of knowledge through increased familiarity to the point where, "Nowadays, many herbalists believe that they have an almost intuitive sense of whether or not a plant is medical. Ten of the most popular medicinal plants today are bilberry, cranberry, echinacea, feverfew, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, kava kava, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and St. John's wort."
Tags: health, plants, herbs, business, finance, medicine
Abstract The Arabian writer, Ibn-Rostech, mentions Hungarian vine growing in his 10th century chronicle. This paper examines the regions in Hungary where wine is successfully grown and manufactured. It discusses the different wines which grow in specific regions.
From the Paper "The Valley of Mor runs between the Vertes and the Bakony mountains, and is the home of the Ezerjo, where the climate is cooler than average, mild winters, and long summer days (Hungarian1 pp). Vine varieties include Ezerjo, Rizlingszilvani, Leanyka, and Chardonnay (Hungarian1 pp). The climate in the Mecsekalja region, where vines have been grown for some 2,000 years, is sub-Mediterranean, sheltered from the north wind, hot summers with lots of sunshine, and mild winters, producing varieties that are full-bodied and high in sugar, and include Cirfandli, Italian Riesling, Chardonnay, and Furmint (Hungarian1 pp)."
Tags: Tokaji, Balatonmelleke, Csongrad, Mor, Valley
Abstract This paper relates that, while hunger is considered to be a topic of third world countries, hunger exists in the United States despite the countries long history of food production. The author points out that part of the hunger problem is the lack of real nutritional value in processed foods that are popular and readily available in the United States; sugary, heat-and-eat processed food are cheap forcing many families, including the hungry, to purchase this type of meal instead of the necessary staple foods children need to grow into healthy adults. The paper stresses that American families, who are going hungry from lack of money, are not only the poor living from government assistance but also working families, who fall below the poverty line, but earn too much to be eligible for available assistance.
From the Paper "Advances in agricultural science and techniques, food processing technologies, and storage systems have impacted our society both in positive and negative ways. On the one hand, we can now feed more people from less land than ever before. But on the other hand, food processing and the manufacture of snack food, junk food, and the sales of the fast food industry have created a nation of fat, but still yet hungry individuals and families. Unfortunately, even in the most advanced civilization the world has ever known and with grocery stores and restaurants on every corner, there are still those in America that are going hungry several nights of the week."
