This paper is a complete research project that determines the factors influencing the market problems facing the Alaska wild salmon industry and explores the superiority of Alaska salmon over farm-raised salmon.
Abstract This research paper contends that Alaska salmon represents a product that is far superior to farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon and that specific factors beyond the degree of its superiority led to its demise within the fishery marketplace. The author reports that the research design is historiography, which provides a systematic process on the study of prior historical research. The paper suggests that there is a need for ongoing research to be conducted to determine the superiority of Alaska wild salmon over farm-raised salmon. Figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Literature Review
Species of Alaska Wild Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Chum Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Pink Salmon
Health Effects of Salmon Consumption
Research Methodology
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Conclusion
Results
Factors Influencing the Alaska Wild Salmon Fishery Industry
Strong Conservation Philosophy
Legal Mandate
Lessons of History
Regulation of Commercial Salmon Fisheries
Salmon Hatcheries and Farming in Alaska
Farmed Salmon Outside of Alaska
Discussion
Recommendations
From the Paper "Sockeye salmon are anadromous, meaning they migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water and are unique in their appearance, with adult spawners typically turning bright red, with a green head. Consequently, sockeye are often called "red" salmon; however, during their ocean and adult migratory phase, sockeye often have a bluish back and silver sides, giving rise to another common name, "bluebacks." As well, as reported by NOAA (2003b), the name "sockeye" is thought to have originally emerged from the Indian word "sukkai.""
Abstract This paper examines how hops (humulus lupulus) is well recognized and extensively grown for its use in preparing beer and lager. It shows that, while hops has been utilized in beer preparation in Europe from the Roman times, hops received recognition in Britain in the 16th century for medical and drinking reasons. Through a literature review, it looks at the history of its use and activities, as well as its medicinal advantages, especially in the field of cancer.
Outline
Introduction
History and Description of Humulus Lupulus
Uses
Growth Habits
Environment Requirements
Chemical Composition
Bio-Chemistry
Activities and Medicinal Advantages of Humulus Lupulus
Pharmacology of Humulus Lupulus
Chemical Constituents of Humulus Lupulus
Physiological Properties of Humulus Lupulus
Conclusion
From the Paper "German beer makers have been utilizing wild hop (Humulus lupulus) to give flavor to their drink for hundreds of years. Hop was introduced to the United States from England in 1629. The initial viable hop yard in the United States was founded in New York in 1808. Farming of the crop quickly increased south and west. Wisconsin turned out to be the biggest grower of hop for a short period late in the nineteenth century; however, New York continued to be the leader until the crop was almost wiped out in both states by downy mildew in the 1920s (Field and Nickerson, 1996)."
Abstract Discusses the ants' ability to quickly strip entire orchards of leaves, fungal gardens of ants, and the usefulness of leaf-cutting ants. Proposes an experiment to examine fungal parasites.
From the Paper "Leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) are capable of devouring enormous amounts of vegetation - about 20 percent of the fresh-leaf biomass in the Neotropics. This makes agriculture of non-native plants which have not evolved a form of ..."
Abstract Discusses the history of the company and Cyrus McCormick's 1831 patent on a reaper, his marketing acumen, and ensuing mergers and acquisitions.
From the Paper "When International Harvester divested its agricultural operations in the mid-1980s, some analysts considered it the end of a well-known and-at one time-highly successful American company. International Harvester was perhaps best-known for ..."
Abstract Discusses the effect of advanced technologies and the increased federal role in farming, as well as government farm subsidies programs and the acreage reduction program.
From the Paper "In the last thirty years, total farm production in the United States has increased by eighty percent while at the same time this abundance has required less labor, capital, and physical resources to implement. This increase in farm production has been ..."
Abstract The paper describes the insertion of DNA into the plant chromosome to produce desired traits, such as resistance to insects and herbicides. It examines the reduction of farming costs, improved nutritional value, and longer shelf life.
From the Paper "Introduction
Genetic modification of plants involves inserting segments of DNA into the chromosome to produce desired traits in the resulting plant. It is commonly used to make plants resistant to insects and to herbicides. This reduces the costs of far..."
This paper discusses that modern biotechnology has the potential and the promise to change radically our world within a matter of decades, especially in the areas of food production and medicine.
Abstract This paper explains that, while the developing world has become one of the fastest growing markets for genetically modified crops (GMO crops), the vast majority of biotech crops are grown in the United States and other developed countries. The author believes that biotechnology, which increases the yield of existing land, may be the only way to save our valuable wilderness in the future. The paper relates that the realm of medicine and science, far more than the realm of food, is where one would expect to see strange, chimerical advances being made as history progresses towards the age of science fiction.
Table of Contents
Why Biotechnology?
Genetic Modification in the Food Production Industries
Biotechnology and the New Revolution in Medicine
Biotechnology in Warfare
Further Speculative Uses
Profits for the Developed World
Conclusion
From the Paper "So it would be safe to say that transgenic foods obviously play a huge role in modern agricultural production and consumption practices. Those who fear for the future in terms of genetically altered foodstuffs and medicines might do well to notice that such a future is with us today. Currently, over 50 types of genetically altered plants, passed through the extensive screening procedures instituted by the American Federal Government, are being widely produced and consumed throughout the world. The reasons farmers choose to plant genetically engineered crops is related to the reasons why consumers often unknowingly prefer them. These transgenic crops are often healthier plants (requiring less herbicides, pesticides, anti-fungal sprays, and so forth) and may have more appeasing, appetizing and abundant yields. All in all, this translates into higher profit for farmers and for the corporations that sell seed stock."
Abstract The shrub, cassava, which is also known as manihot esculenta, is the main source of carbohydrates for millions of people worldwide. This paper examines the origin and economic value of cassava to humans. It then looks at the life history of the shrub, as well as its taxonomy and morphology.
From the Paper "Within a week, the stem cuttings begin to shoot and roots grow. The plants that grow by planting seedlings take a longer time to grow and are found to be small and weaker than the plants bred by stem cutting. Stem cuttings from the same plant are genetically constant while seedlings are found genetically varied. The shoots increase and the roots began to extend within the first few weeks of appearance or coming out. After 8 weeks of planting tuberisation or root hardening begins. (Cock, 17)"
Abstract This paper explains that the art of puppy breeding began shortly after World War II when the US Department of Agriculture encouraged farmers to raise puppies as crops because traditional crop-growing had stalled. The author points out that an owner purchasing a puppy raised in a mill is much more likely to purchase a sick animal, or worse, an animal with a personality disorder resulting in the dog being given up to a shelter for adoption or worse. The paper relates that proponents of puppy mills argue that the USDA has enacted legislation requiring licensing for certain breeders; however, there is much evidence indicating that, currently, the USDA does not have enough inspectors to enforce laws requiring minimum space and standards for puppy breading.
From the Paper "Commercial breeders are one problem, breeding several types of puppy with profit as the primary motive. Many of the dogs raised in such kennels are not adequately screened for genetic illnesses. Also problematic are so called backyard breeder. Puppy mills however, are among the worst offenders, who breed puppies with little or no attention to their health care needs, socialization practices and placement protocols. USDA inspectors typically fail to inspect such mills."
This paper discusses the agricultural negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an independent international organization, which establishes and maintains rules governing global trade.
Abstract This paper explains that the Doha Round held in 2001 was a once-in-a-generation chance to change the rules that govern international agricultural trade so that both consumers and producers in both developed and developing countries would benefit. The author points out that the WTO agriculture negotiation has been viewed by many as an imbalanced instrument because it gives special and differential treatment to developed countries by strongly protecting them, while putting pressure on developing countries to liberalize more. The paper includes the '12 steps' program that is recommended for global human rights and food security.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The issues slated for discussion in Cancun centered on agriculture's three pillars previously mentioned. The Ministerial also had to discuss services; market access for industrial goods; the implementation of the Uruguay Round and special and differential treatment; geographical indications; investment, competition, government procurement and trade facilitation; environment; trade rules; and dispute settlement. The overall objective was defined as the narrowing down the gap between rich and poor countries."
Abstract This paper briefly explains that there are many issues facing underdeveloped nations today. It examines whether these countries should give up their agriculture sector in order to become well-developed nations.
From the Paper "There are several factors which have a negative impact on the agriculture industry. There are few paved roads to transport the goods, creating a longer delivery time to the markets, and a high rate of spoilage. Erosion and deforestation are reducing the amount of cultivatable acreage, bad weather such as drought or flooding can devastate entire crops, and lack of irrigation systems in these areas can result in a shortened growing season."
Abstract This paper explores the national flower of South Africa, the protea. The paper begins by explaining why the flower was chosen as the floral emblem in 1962. The paper then shows where and how the flower grows and what family it belongs to. The writer then mentions some of the other flowers in the protea family and describes them in detail. The paper explains why the protea is so important in South Africa and has come to represent the very nature of the nation.
From the Paper "The king protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa. The king protea was first seriously considered for South Africa's official national floral emblem in 1962, when a commission was set up to study its use as a national emblem. The South African Association of Botanists supported the choice of the spectacular flower, the king protea, however the choice of the flower as the national floral emblem did not officially occur until 1975 (SA Embassy). The king protea is the largest member of the proteas. King proteas can reach close to two meters in height, and the flower itself can be up to 30 cm across. The king protea (Protea cynaroids) is generally pink or crimson in its outer bracts, which are covered with silky hairs."
Abstract This paper explains that 'farmaceuticals' developed from transgenics, the implantation of DNA into a plant or animal to change some attribute of the product that plant or animal produces. The author points out that farmaceuticals will contribute to ending world hunger by creating farm crops and animals with higher-than-usual loads of various nutrients, which are prepared and eaten like any other similar food item. The paper relates that transgenic animals or crops can be used to produce drugs, properly called biopharmaceuticals, but many people use the terms 'biopharmaceuticals' and 'farmaceuticals' interchangeably.
From the Paper "This second sort of farmaceutical may indeed have a great effect on the human condition merely because in some instances, producing needed pharmaceuticals through farmaceuticls is less expensive than producing the same compounds in the laboratory. Currently, one of the biggest of these farmaceutical programs is at GTC Biotherapeutics in Framingham, Massachusetts, where scientists are breeding goats and cows to carry genes for therapeutic proteins. (Therapeutic proteins include such compounds as monoclonal antibodies, which help the immune system by recognizing and binding to alien object in the body.) GTC can create a herd of transgenic goats for about $100m, a third of the cost of building a protein production facility of the old-fashioned sort with petrie dishes and so on. That method of creating the proteins costs about $150 a gram. Using goats and cows, it is estimated that"when this method finally gets underway"it may cost as little as $1 to $2 a gram for the same proteins. Since these compounds are used to treat expensive and deadly diseases such as cancer, this sort of farmaceutical could indeed be a boon to humanity."
Abstract This paper looks at the issue of genetically modified food (GM), exploring the medical arguments against eating it as opposed to the benefits proponents claim it has. The writer makes reference to the body, known as CorpWatch, which aims to check corporations who use GM food to profit on the lack of certain foods in Third World countries. As GM crop growing is relatively new, much of the research is based on theory rather than fact, and the writer points out that it may take years to truly know the effects of eating and producing GM foods, both on those who eat it and the land that is used to grow it.
From the Paper "Proponents state that genetically modified plants enhances biodiversity by allowing weeds to continue growing for longer, (because the less need for herbicides) thus providing nutrition for animals. Genetically altered plants designed to resist insect manifestation will help reduce use of insecticides also increases insect diversity. Increased crop yields and crops altered to grow in climates that are harsher then their natural cousins, it is argued, will help feed the world's poor, in part by making currently harsh soils and / or environments less of a factor in raising food crops. (Carr 2000) Additionally, genetically modified plants often use bacteria or other organisms to shuttle the genes into the target organisms. Having the genes that make them dangerous removed or disabled cripples these vectors."
Abstract A research paper on Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathryroidism (NSH). Discusses causes of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The paper includes many references from medical and veterinary journals, Internet sites, and research on the topic. The writer also interviewed some experts in the field to gain an understanding on this disease.
From the Paper "Calcium and phosphorus, two very important minerals, make up approximately 70% of the total mineral content in the equine body. Most people, including young children, have seen the milk commercials on television that inform their viewer of the important role that calcium plays in creating strong, healthy bones. Calcium plays this role in many species and is especially important in large breed animals such as the horse, who is often asked to perform hard work and athletically challenging tasks. In addition to creating strong bones in the equine body, calcium is also important for several metabolic functions such as nerve conductions and muscle contractions. Without a sufficient amount of calcium, the horse's bones would grow weak and he would be at greater risk for injury. Due to the importance of these vital functions of calcium, the equine's body closely regulates the levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Vitamin D and hormones such as the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important part in maintaining adequate calcium levels in the blood stream. When there is not enough calcium in the horse's diet the PTH begins to break down calcium from the bones, which store 99% of the body's calcium, and moves it into the bloodstream. When there is a long-term deficiency of calcium in the equine's diet, significant re-absorption of bone can occur, which can lead to decreased bone strength and density, or abnormal bone formation. Many racetrack injuries, laminitis, and tendonitis have been attributed to inadequate calcium in the diet of young racehorses. Even if there is adequate calcium, a large concentration of other minerals such as phosphorus will decrease the absorption of calcium. Thus, there must be a balanced ratio of these minerals. If improper Ca:P levels in the diet continue for an extended period of time, serious problems such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop.
