Abstract This paper discusses the effect that advertisements can have on the outcome of political campaigns and elections and how that influence can have national and international repercussions, especially when the advertisement campaigns present incomplete facts or misrepresent the truth.
From the Paper "Good ads have a dramatic effect on viewers as they address psychological factors like emotions rather than rational ones and, therefore, their use in political campaigns should be limited. In addition, ads are formed to inform the public about the merits of purchasing a certain product or supporting a certain issue or a political candidate. They should positively inform the viewers of the truth by relying and sticking to the facts. However, according to Robert H. Wozniak in "Walter Dill Scott: the Psychology of Advertising," creating ads that are built around the facts and which talk to the viewers ' rationality, is not really valid advertising. This is because "advertising has as its one function the influencing of the human mind...As it is the human mind that advertising is dealing with, its only scientific basis is psychology" (Scott qtd. in Woznaik). He meant that ads have a direct influence on viewers as they communicate with the human brain directly as a bullet and ads affect the people psychologically not rationally. Ads tell people what they want them to be informed with or even what they don't want to hear but in a way that they can identify with. Accordingly, as Wozniak explains, ads are hurt because the human attention span is short. This is an essential observation regarding the nature of ads because it means that their length does not allow for the publishing of all the truth regarding a product or an issue. Instead, an ad will select facts and leave claims unexplained. The second vital feature regarding successful ads made by Wozniak is that they play on the viewers' emotions."
Abstract This paper argues that, while advertisers cannot be dismissed for using unethical marketing strategies due to their increasing reliance on sexual appeal, given that consumers do respond to them, they still can be labeled as irresponsible to the extent that the images that they promote establish stereotypical images of the female as a sex object. The paper shows that not only does this lead to the popular male perception of women as sexual objects, but also to female views of themselves as bodies that must reach ideal standards of beauty and perfection in order to successfully fulfill their function of attracting male attention. The paper also includes a literature review, which is not included in the word count.
From the Paper "As explained by both sociologists and psychologists, of all the methods used in advertising, sex appeal catches the attention best, because it is our second strongest drive, next to our drive for survival (Thoits). Consequently, when advertisers employ sexual appeal in their marketing and promotion of products, they can guarantee a response given that they are appealing to one of man's strongest basic instincts. It is due to the general appeal of sex that a great majority of print advertisements increasingly rely on the sexualization of products through images and text with a high degree of sexual content."
Abstract This paper explains that the drug, Crestor, burst onto the market, rather than slowly unfurling as is more common in product introductions, because the demand for this drug was so tremendous. The author points out that Crestor reached maturity relatively quickly; several competitors entered the market, but Crestor's extensive advertising projected a superior drug in comparison to its statin-blocking competitors. The paper relates the potential early demise of Crestor because the FDA is questioning the safety of stain drugs, and Crestor seems poised to face costly litigation, which could deplete any attempts to manage effectively its current downturn.
From the Paper "Thus, after a period of development, a product is introduced or launched into the market. Hopefully, for its makers, it gains more and more customers as it grows in reputation and customers desire to use it more and more, and see its value in their daily lives. Then, eventually the market stabilizes and the product becomes mature. Competitors seize some of the market share and deploy other systems of maximizing their own value chains. After a period of time the product is overtaken by development and the introduction of superior competitors, it goes into decline and is eventually withdrawn. Of course, most products fail in the introduction phase. Others have very cyclical maturity phases where declines reverse, and the life cycles begin again as the product is promoted and regains customers and market share."
Abstract This paper analyzes cause-related marketing (CRM) from a business perspective in order to determine what exactly cause-related marketing is and what relationship exists, if any, between cause-related marketing and brand imaging. The paper explores whether CRM is a successful tool for enhancing brand image and thus public opinion of a corporation's products and/or services.
From the Paper "To understand how cause related marketing is related to brand marketing one must first understand what exactly cause related marketing entails. Brown, Olsen & Pracejus (2003) define cause related marketing as a technique whereby "the contribution of the advertiser to a cause is linked to the customers' engaging in revenue producing transactions with the firm" (19; from Varadarajan & Menon, 1988: 60). Cause related marketing is increasingly a popular trend in marketing, resulting in more than seven hundred million dollars per year in promotion expenditures in the United States alone (Brown, Olsen & Pracejus, 2003; IEG, 2001). Kelley & Kowalczyk (2003) define the practice of cause related marketing as a process of "formulating and implementing marketing activities that are characterized by contributed a specific amount to a designated effort that causes customers to engage in revenue providing exchanges" (p. 15). Cause related marketing strategies serve corporations in a number of ways, allowing them to justify donations, utilize fewer resources, differentiate products and services among other things (Keeley & Kowalcyzk, 2003:15)."
Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the marketing impact of external influences on consumer behavior with regard to the purchasing of a Gateway plasma television. The paper discusses issues of culture, family, demographic and social stratification, reference groups, and technology. The paper examines the consumer trends regarding new, innovative technology, such as the plasma television.
From the Paper "Plasma TV is ultimately becoming a feasible option to the huge picture tube and projection TV sets as the prices are gradually lowering and several types of screen sizes are there on offer. Due to this, a lot of mainstream buyers surprisingly have spent lot money to buy these units due to the convenience of wall mounting the Plasma TV which goes in well with the plush decor of the home. Gateway Plasma TVs are ultra bright Plasma televisions having a 42-inch EDTV Plasma display with a 16:9 widescreen format. (Top 10 Plasma Televisions) The pricing strategy at Gateway for its Plasma TVs has been that it is 'price player'. The company intends to sell 42-inch screen plasma TV for just below $3000 which is hundred dollars cheaper compared to the price of its rival models. The next cheapest rival model of Gateway sells at $3596. The price of competing models in the United States is $6328. Gateway- a manufacturer of PCs has repositioned itself and made forays into Plasma television. After an unfortunate fall in profits, the company announced that it has made a turnaround and desires to go in for an advertisement of the fact. (Gateway Plasma TV to undercut prices)"
Abstract This paper attempts a brief look at what public relations is and how it can be used effectively by different organizations. A few selected case studies are also presented to highlight how public relations have been used effectively in these organizations.
From the Paper "Putting in the required efforts to create and retain investor confidence and building the necessary relationships with the financial community. Interacting with the other concerns in the industry in which the Organization is active in and with the trade associations. Necessary action was needed to create voluntary support of members, friends and supporters by showing them the needs of the Organization and interacting with the minority group members. Creating the required interest in an individual, product or firm by making use of events and also designing activities that will cause the Organization to give an ear to the public and interact with them and putting together all the elements that go towards making a product more appealing to the public. Thus we see the role of Public Relations is multifarious and spread through nearly all the functions of the organization. The uses of Public Relations are many including that it acts as a bridge between an Organization and the public and serves to bring harmony in private and public policies."
This paper discusses commercial speech, the first amendment rights and how it is applied to business organizations by using the case of "Marc Kasky vs. Nike Inc".
Abstract This paper explains the "Marc Kasky vs. Nike Inc", a claim brought against Nike, Inc. an athletic apparel manufacturer, by San Francisco resident, Mark Kasky, for misleading and false statements about its operations abroad. The author point out the main argument in this case is that the California Supreme Court states "companies making false statements about their operations are not protected by the first amendment free speech and are subjected to false advertising claims". The paper reports that, although the case ended in a settlement for $1.5 million dollars, it created a new set of standards, which organizations must follow in the way they communicate to consumers.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment
Nike, Inc
Mark Kasky
Final Decision
Conclusion
From the Paper "Nike came under higher pressure when a spot audit by an accounting firm was leaked to the press of bad labor conditions in a large Vietnamese facility that contradicted Young's positive report. On April 20, 1998, a claim was filed accusing the company of false advertisement in the county of San Francisco. The charges were that the company had falsely advertised the working conditions of its manufacturers, which abused workers, had poor working conditions, low wages, and used child labor and that it lied about its operations overseas in order to increase sales of its products . In reaction Nike executed a series of immediate changes, such as, an increase in the minimum age, higher air quality standards (OSHA), and promised to permit independent inspections of factories. Even after implementing such changes, a lawsuit was brought against the company by Mark Kasky for "making misleading statements about its global labor practices," under California statute for false advertising."
Tags: consumer, false, california, workers, global
Abstract This report details the business code of ethics of the Lockheed Martin corporation and their business practices, as well as examines the ethical questions that arise from marketing and advertising practices. The paper also makes recommendations for enhancing the ethics code at Lockheed Martin to ensure that marketing agents and advertisers are consistently adhering to corporate moral and ethical standards while advertising and conducting business.
From the Paper "The company selected for purposes of analysis is Lockheed Martin, which handles bidding, negotiations, and performance of government contracts. Lockheed Martin has a reputation for conducting business nationally and globally and is well respected within the industry. The company and competitors or similar manufacturers including Ball Corporation regularly conduct marketing and advertising research to determine what products/services are best suited for consumer interests."
Abstract In this paper, the author describes her own responses to television commercials as well as how the population, in general, is affected by the advertisements they see on TV. The author concludes that, while it would not be feasible to eliminate television commercials altogether, it is hoped that viewers will become more aware of how they are being manipulated by advertisements.
From the Paper "Although the Internet is the top choice of electronic media for young adults 18 to 24, this age group continues to watch significant amounts of television each week. On an average, these individuals will view between two to five hours of TV a day for entertainment and relaxation. Television advertising thus remains a top priority for marketing purposes, and companies continue to rely considerably on this medium to get across their messages (Carparelli, 2004). Audience ad recognition remains at a high 70 percent, and viewers actually like commercials more--especially those that appeal to feelings, use music in a central role, are humorous and tell a story (MTV-3). It is expected that most students in the United States see about 360,000 commercials by the time they graduate high school (Tamburro, 2004)."
Abstract The writer details the main points from the article by Turcotte. The paper explains that product placement is when a product is used by actors in films or in television shows. The paper discusses the benefits of product placement in movies and in television programs, as seen in the article. The writer concludes that Turcotte's article is excellent, but that because of the rapid changes in how movies are being distributed in the past few years, Turcotte may have to review his findings in light of the mass distribution of DVDs within six months of a movie's original release.
Table of Contents:
Implied Endorsements
Far Reach (Long Life & Global)
Low Cost
Low Clutter
High Profile
Optimum Viewing Environment
A Captive Audience
From the Paper "One of the most important benefits a corporation can gain is by having a star imply endorsement of their product by using it in a film. Most specifically, big name stars almost never appear in U.S. television advertisements but if they are seen using a company's product in a "reality like" situation in a film, Turcotte notes that it has been shown that the audience is more likely to believe that this action might imply the star's endorsement of the product than if the star were to do a paid advertisement."
This paper explains that video advertising, which can be both entertaining and irritating, is the medium society loves to hate because, unlike print advertising, it is more difficult to tune out.
Abstract This paper explains that, although people can make a case that advertising goes too far, by using sexual innuendo that is too graphic or targeting children who have not yet developed the ability to evaluate claims of the advertisement, the United States Constitution provides everyone in this country, including advertisers, a number of protections from regulatory abuse such as freedom of speech. The author points out that one of the most common criticisms is that advertising tries to sell us things we neither need nor want; however, in a capitalistic society, companies are allowed to encourage consumers to buy their products. This paper concludes that the video advertising is an important part of the U.S. economic system; the problems of this advertising can be managed.
From the Paper "Perhaps one of the weakest criticisms of advertising is that it is intrusive. Probably every person could cite a commercial he or she found annoying and intrusive, and that is the test for the limits of free speech: one person's free speech cannot violate another person's right to not be harmed by that free speech. An example of this would be hate crimes. If someone's inflammatory speeches cause someone else to commit a hate crime, then the person's speech has gone too far, because it has led to harm. The issue isn't nearly as clear in advertising."
Abstract This paper examines the promotional campaign of Watershed Awareness, whose goal is to bring water quality issues to the public's forefront. The writer of this paper defines a promotional campaign as the combination of various advertising, public relations, sales promotion and personal selling activities used by the marketer over a period of time to achieve predetermined goals. This paper explains why a promotional campaign is much more than just the advertisement seen on TV. The larger the campaign is, the more budget it needs and more people are employed to derive the outcomes for which the campaign was initially set up for. This paper details the various steps involved in creating a successful promotional campaign. In the case of Watershed Awareness, the first step is the necessity to clarify the specific purpose for the campaign. The next phase is effective communication which results in serving the functions of reaching the target audience, penetrating the audience's attention through the combination of timeliness, relevance and simplicity.
The third step in carrying out a promotional campaign is developing its theme, perhaps creating a noticeable insignia or logo. This paper also focuses on the importance of the internet in creating a successful campaign.
From the Paper "The proposition is only the beginning, then the effective communication must be used serving the functions of reaching the target audience, penetrating the audience's attention through the combination of timeliness, relevance and simplicity, communicating the intended message and bonding the message to the brand name. Unfortunately, practice shows that the price of the advertisement does not guarantee its' quality. In order to do this, a promotion plan should include a well-articulated distribution plan which will drastically increase the exposure of promotion item. The mass media source choice to transfer the idea to the target group should be based on the preferences of the target group."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the effectiveness of e-commerce as well as online marketing. This paper cites the distinctions between selling business-to-business and business-to-consumer, as well as the measures involved in securing transactions made over the internet. This paper details the B2B method, business-to-business, which contains applications that facilitate or enhance relationships among enterprises and among two or more companies. B2B websites supply products or merchandise from one business to another. The B2C method, business-to-consumer, is a comparatively newer domain and generally associated with electronic selling over the internet. The B2C class includes electronic purchases, online information and interactive games purchased via the internet. This paper also touches on other types of e-commerce methods including pop-up advertising and email-marketing. This paper delves into security matters relating to e-commerce and online marketing, in which both consumer and businesses are vulnerable to a broad range of security issues. This paper focuses on EDI, electronic data interchange norms, which is a collection of formats employed to define electronic documents while also dealing with authentication and encryption issues, in order to provide the utmost privacy and security.
From the Paper "In case of a B2B, there are increased chances that smaller sellers have an opportunity for their products to be catalogued alongside bigger, more reputed sellers. Likewise it might be possible for a company to retail products which would have been otherwise wasted in the absence of sales-like a unutilized truck capacity in case of a shipping company. A third means business dealings might be more useful by way of taking part in a B2B is through integrating backward procurement software into the present supply chain, thus lowering interval time between getting the orders and carrying it out at the same time making sure that necessary inputs are present at the time of necessity. B2Bs can give scope for the outsourcing of non-core assignments like direct sales process, or coalition endeavors inclusive of mutual product designs."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the way television commercials portray women of color. The writer explores past and present issues that media entertainment has had with minority women and details the current trends and attitudes in television advertising.
From the Paper "Since the 1960's the civil rights movements have worked to equalize the playing field for everyone in America. Whole the constitution of the nation claims all men are created equal the fact has remained that minorities have suffered racism and indignities in many life areas. One of the areas that minorities have been portrayed differently than non minorities has been the area of entertainment. Television has been a recreational tool for Americans for about six decades and during that time minorities have been portrayed in ways that reflected society's mind set. Today, current portrayals of minorities, specifically women of color make an interesting study in societal views."
Abstract This paper examines how and why certain ads are accepted or rejected by the media while also delving into who ultimately decides which ads are broadcast to the viewing public. The writer of this paper focuses on the most recent Super Bowl which was broadcast on the CBS television network while detailing the reasons behind two specific ads which were rejected due to their content. This paper delves into the First Amendment to the Constitution and its relevance to this particular topic. The paper also analyzes the rules and regulations stipulated by the Federal Communications Commission and its resulting impact on the advertising industry as a whole.
From the Paper "Although the Super Bowl is a public event that is the most watched TV program, it is a privately produced show and the choice of what ads to run rests with the network, a private company. Once CBS network bought the rights to broadcast the Super Bowl it had First Amendment rights to choose what it would or would not broadcast. Under the First Amendment CBS has the right to exercise its editorial judgment regarding the content of Super Bowl ads."
