Abstract This biographical study examines the critical contributions to computer science by Ada Augusta Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852). In addition to describing and analyzing Bryon's technical achievements, the study examines various personality traits and important facts from her life that demonstrate both the technical and human side of this fascinating individual, and that led to her unique contributions to the development of computers. The study also discusses the historical context in which Byron worked to show how the prevailing technological, social, and political environments negatively affected her abilities, as a woman during the Victorian era, to advance her scientific work. The study demonstrates that Augusta Ada Byron was both one of the most acute minds and most picturesque characters in computer history.
From the Paper "A major turning point in Augusta Ada Byron's intellectual development occurred in 1833, when at the age of 18 years she met the famous scientist Charles Babbage at a social gathering (Freeman, 1996; Tee, 1979). Babbage was already widely known at the time as the inventor of the so-called "Difference Engine," a machine that applied the method of finite differences to perform mathematical computations (Freeman, 1996). The machine had to capacity to store numbers and perform additions, thereby enabling tables generated by polynomials to be computed by a uniform process (Freeman, 1996). Impressed with the young Ada, Babbage invited her to visit the studio where he kept his engine and was delighted when she showed up two weeks later, along with her domineering and meddlesome mother (Freeman, 1996; Tee, 1979). Ada was captivated by the Difference Engine and began regular correspondence with Babbage in an effort to learn all that she could about the invention and about Babbage's other ideas (Freeman, 1996)."
Abstract The author makes a comparative study between the characters Susannah Rowley ("Ship Fever", Andrea Barrett) and Ada Monroe ("Cold Mountain", Charles Frazier). The main point of the study is that although they cope with their worlds in very different ways, both women choose to take their chances by entering into direct vital interchange with life.
From the Paper "Susannah, lives in Canada at the time when immigrants fleeing the great Irish famine bring a deadly typhus epidemic to her land. She is alone because her husband, a renowned writer, is off in England and Ireland fighting the wrongs of the world. Ada, alone after the death of her father, toward the end of the Civil War finds herself mistress of a large neglected farm with no knowledge how to run it. Both women must come to terms with the way they were raised, which was to be childlike and pampered, and not responsible for their own survival."
Abstract The American Diabetes Association (ADA) held a consensus development conference on the detection and management of lipid disorders in persons with diabetes. This paper presents a summary of the recommendations made by the panel. The paper shows that the
panel advocates more insistent treatment to control lipid disorders in diabetics than has been summarized in preceding guidelines.
Paper Outline:
Origin
Purpose
Practice before the Standard
Treatment of the Disease Entity with ADA General Advantage of its Use and Practice
Bibliography
From the Paper "Treatment of lipid disorders in diabetic patients should focus on three primary areas: an aggressive approach to weight loss, increased physical activity and glucose control. Weight loss should be achieved through diet control and a program of increased physical exercise and is associated with improvement in triglyceride levels, insulin sensitivity and glucose control and a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL levels, as well as an increase in HDL levels."
Abstract This paper looks at the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) that targets discrimination against mentally or physically impaired individuals. The paper discusses the benefits to the disabled worker but notes the disadvantages posed to employers. The paper discusses how affirmative action in the context of the ADA can possibly work if the present ambiguous boundaries are defined.
From the Paper "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is a broad act passed by Congress on January 23, 1990 in response to the pervasiveness of outright discrimination against mentally or physically impaired individuals. Although discrimination with regard to age, sex, religion, ethnic origin, color or race has been observed among individuals and who have been wronged merely by being in one of these categories is prosecutable under current law, it was found that people with disabilities possessed no such legal protection."
Abstract The author states that, in the United States, the evolution of labor law has reflected a greater concern for the well being of the employee. Many labor laws such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and American with Disabilities Act (ADA) are presented. The paper concludes that the recognition of the fundamental rights of workers has lead to a safer and more employee friendly work environment.
From the Paper "The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires employers to provide equal pay for equal work regardless of sex. This act has become more and more important along the years since its implementation because in today's market woman are working and providing for families along with men. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits the discrimination of employees on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, or national origin."
Discusses some of the potential consequences of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Focuses on possible friction in the areas of labor relations & workplace flexibility.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, 1996, $ 23.95
From the Paper "The new regulations for employing people with disabilities will mean major changes in the workplace, and two areas that will be affected are labor relations and workplace flexibility. The regulations instruct as to how employers must accommodate disabled employees and prospective employees, and the regulations now offered on employing people with disabilities are being issued six months after the effective date of an earlier set of rules concerning how businesses must accommodate disabled members of the public. The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against people with mental or physical impairments. The employment rules apply to companies with 25 or more employees at the present time, and within two years to companies with 15 to 24 employees. Companies with fewer than ..."
Abstract The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became effective on January 26, 1992 created service and employment opportunities millions of disabled Americans. The paper shows that in advocating rights for disabled people, many have worked to establish several important principles. One is that they be considered on the basis of individual merit, not on stereotyped assumptions about disabilities. Another is that society must make certain changes to enable the disabled to participate more easily in business and social activities such as providing wheelchair access to public transportation, building entrances, and theaters. A third principle is that, to the extent appropriate for each individual, disabled people should be mainstreamed with people who do not have disabilities. The paper looks at the components of the legislation and uses the State of Florida as an example to show the future of its disabled citizens.
From the Paper "Florida has worked to develop partnerships with potential employers. These employers will offer opportunities for the development of meaningful jobs and careers to the disabled. Jobs will include working at home, telecommuting, non-traditional employment, self-employment, use of trial work plans, and the development of opportunities in rural areas of the state. The Department of Vocational Rehabilitation Agency works on a continuous basis to coordinate and expand efforts with partners while working with employers to explore meaningful job openings which pay better wages and also provide employee benefits."
Abstract The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act brought people with all forms of physical, mental, and emotional disabilities the guarantee of equal opportunities and treatment in all forms of public discourse. It is the purpose of this paper to explore these services and accommodations available to the disabled college student, to discuss the effectiveness of these services, and to argue for their continued use.
Abstract This paper looks at whether the Average Daily Attendance (ADA) or Average Daily Membership (ADM) provides a better way of allocating funding for schools. The paper also looks at provisions for funding of the No Child Left Behind Act, and how best to equalize funding resources.
From the Paper "The Ohio House budget called for a shift in the way students are counted because it believed that Average Daily Membership (ADM) counts phantom students and it preferred to count Average Daily Attendance( ADA). President of the Ohio Federation of Teachers testified before the Ohio Senate Education Committee that because a student is absent on a given day, the cost of the educating that student is not reduced at all. Students who have erratic attendance records actually cost more to educate he said..."
Abstract This research paper presents a view on the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The paper looks at the history of the act, what it addresses, the problems associated with implementation and how it impacts the disabled. This paper takes a particular point of view of the learning disabled college student and discusses how the ADA affects that population.
From the Paper "In 1990 Congress created the Americans with Disabilities Act. It was a sweeping legislation that encompassed virtually every aspect of American life - from work and school to commerce and transportation. It was divided into many different areas of influence, but perhaps one of the strongest was its working in conjunction with both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, in terms of providing for the education, facilities, faculty, services and support for students with disabilities of all kinds. The ADA succeeded in forcing schools and school districts to provide access for those with disabilities to all school buildings through its provision that no American could be discriminated against, either directly or indirectly (with some exceptions) because of their disability."
Abstract This paper discusses the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as the impact it exerted to help birth the Americans With Disabilities Act. The paper argues that without the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the Americans With Disabilities Act would not be alive today. It describes the concepts of the American with Disabilities Act that emulate precepts that the Civil Rights Act purports. The paper contains copies of original sources.
Table of Contents:
Civil Rights Considerations
Civil Rights Act
Past Progress Points
Affirmative Action
Civil Rights Act's Impact
ADA Title VII's Protections
Statistics
From the Paper "As the ADA, a civil rights law focusing on discrimination, it is based fundamentally on traditional concepts of discrimination as adapted and applied to the unique circumstances of people with disabilities initially in The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (e.g., the requirement that employers provide reasonable accommodations to allow people with disabilities to function optimally). Through thoughtful and innovative application, the ADA has helped people with disabilities win many important battles in the war for their independence. However, the ADA alone cannot win the war. Its use to achieve particular social goals is limited by the specific language and legislative intent of the law. (Batavia & Schriner, 2001)"
Abstract This paper shall address the topic of inter-collegiate athletics in relation to the ADA. The main points that will be examined are the ADA in relation to physical disabilities and inter-collegiate athletics, the ADA in relation to mental disabilities and inter-collegiate athletics and how the inclusion of disabled students in inter-collegiate athletics is affecting the performance of the teams. It is hoped that this examination of the ADA in relation to inter-collegiate athletics will help to demonstrate how the ADA is affecting sports performance in American collegiate athletics.
Abstract The paper analyzes "The American with Disabilities Act" (ADA), the "Age Discrimination in Employment Act" (ADEA), and the "Family and Medical Leave Act" (FMLA), which are all-important pieces of legislation that have affected US federal, state and local businesses. The paper explains what each act deals with and handles and that each of these pieces of legislation have one thing in common, the anti-discrimination against American employees, both domestically and internationally. This paper explores each piece of legislation and determines their importance to American business as well as state, local and federal government employees.
Outline:
Introduction
The Americans with Disability Act (ADA)
ADA Defined
Description
History
Positive and Negative Issues
Importance
ADA Case Law
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
Definition
Description
History
BFOQ (Bona Fide Occupational Qualifier Clause)Issues (Positive or Negative)
ADEA Case Law
Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Definition
Description
History
Positive/Negative Issues
FMLA Case Law
Conclusion
From the Paper "A 'covered entity' can refer to any employment agency, labor organization or joint labor-management committee, employing 15 or more workers. When an entity discriminates against its workers, they do a great disservice against its workers; they do a great disservice against themselves as a whole. Entities that discriminate might "limit or classify a job applicant or employee in an adverse way". They might even "deny employment opportunities to those who truly qualify (yet are disabled)". Entities might also discriminate by "not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of disabled employees with disabilities" or not advancing these same employees with disabilities."
Abstract This paper examines how the American Disability Act (ADA) was created for the benefit of millions of Americans with disabilities, such as blindness and paralysis, and how it provides rules and guidelines that take care of and protect those who suffer from disabilities from access to social environment. It shows how one of the guidelines in ADA is to remove and eliminate problems encountered in ATM access by the disabled persons and how, in 1992, ADA guidelines were implemented for ATMs in a law that resolves the concerns of Americans with disabilities. It analyzes the effect of these guidelines on ATMs, as well as bank issues, and the proposed ATM technological changes.
From the Paper "The proposal of the Access Board to allow speech capabilities on ATMs presents a number of issues to manufacturers of the machines and to the banks. First, the cost of implementing the proposed changes on existing machines is expensive, granting that each bank maintains a large number of ATMs. Second, ATMs has lifespan. Instead of upgrading ATMs whose lifespan is near to expire, after the effect of the revised ADA, replacement of expiring machines is a more practical option. Such will cause burden on the banks. Third, enhancement of existing machines presents difficulty to manufacturers. The flexibility of the proposed changes of supporting speech capabilities to facilitate ATM access for the visually impaired will require time, effort, and new materials to modify the machines."
