Abstract The tax structures of Canada and the United States were compare and contrasted. Canada and the United States have in place a negotiated tax treaty. The treaty covers taxation on income and capital. Both Canada and the United States levy taxes on the bases of both residence and source income.
From the Paper "Comparing and Contrasting the Tax Structures in Canada and the United States
Executive Summary
The tax structures of Canada and the United States were compare and contrasted. Canada and the United States have in place a negotiated tax treaty. The treaty covers taxation on income and capital. Both Canada and the United States levy taxes on the bases of both residence and source income. The tax treaty between the two countries, however, governs the applicability of taxes to source income, as well as defining source income. The tax treaty provides for credits against taxes levied against citizens residing in the other country for income taxes paid in the other country.
The income tax is the primary revenue source at the fed..."
Abstract This paper discusses various accounting topics through a review of six newspaper articles. The paper outlines the accountant's role in an organization, provides an introduction to cost terms and purposes, and describes job costs and cost allocation. Performance measurement, compensation and multinational considerations are illustrated in this paper, as are the issues involved in inventory management and backflushing costing.
From the Paper "Key Company Assets Moving Offshore" proclaims the title of this recent article from the business section of The New York Times. A casual observer might shrug, but a student of accounting must turn a closer eye to this proclamation that American companies have been rapidly shifting more of their most valuable assets to tax havens, where the companies pay little or no tax on profits. What is so striking about this technique is that instead of simply moving their headquarters offshore, companies are also placing patents on drugs or ownership of corporate logos offshore, thus putting these "intangible assets" into tax havens as well. (C3)"
Concepts & applications of recording financial activities & discovering data relationships to enhance decision making process. Looks at balance sheet, flow of funds, inflation, inventory value, costs and input-output analysis.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 26 sources, 1986, $ 135.95
From the Paper " It is the purpose of this research to examine the concepts and applications of both financial and management accounting. Financial accounting is concerned with recording the actual financial activities of an organization, while managerial accounting is concerned with the discovery of the relationships in the financial data will enhance the managerial decision-making process. Garrison (1982, p. 13) has identified eight factors and characteristics which differentiate between financial and managerial accounting:
1. Managerial accounting focuses on providing data for the internal use of an organizations managers, while financial accounting focuses on providing data for external uses by investors and creditors."
Overview of accounting principles & problems for auditor created by advanced technology in manufacturing industries, emphasizing obsolete, ineffective & irrelevant traditional cost accounting procedures.
6,975 words (approx. 27.9 pages), 27 sources, 1988, $ 135.95
From the Paper " The purpose of this research is to explore-the problems created for the auditor, as a consequence of the introduction of advanced technology (high-tech) into the manufacturing industries in the United States (U.S.). The introduction of high-tech into the manufacturing process creates changes which render many traditional cost accounting procedures ineffective, irrelevant, or both. As a consequence, the necessary changes in cost accounting, procedures create problems in auditing the cost accounting process.
The introduction of high-tech into the manufacturing. process has, in most instances, been accompanied by a significant shift in emphasis in manufacturing management. In the recent past, the emphasis in manufacturing management was on materials (...)"
From the Paper " The purpose of this research is to examine the roles and uses of cost accounting. The concepts involved in cost accounting are also reviewed, and the use of cost accounting in a firm's decision-making processes is assessed.
COST ACCOUNTING: DEFINITION, ROLES,
CONCEPTS, AND APPLICATIONS
In the United States (US), cost accounting is a part of managerial accounting. Where financial accounting is concerned with recording actual financial transactions, managerial accounting is concerned with the discovery of relationships in financial data which enhance managerial decision-making (Garrison, 1986, p. 19)."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the effects technological developments have had on the accounting profession. Technology has the capacity to affect the profession in two major ways. First, technological advances introduced into accounting practice may change the ways in which the profession operates. The obvious example in this instance is the application of computer technology to the accounting function. Second, the introduction of technological advances into the industries served by the accounting profession may result in (...)"
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the merger of International Dairy Queen and the Orange Julius segment of Orange Julius International. Dairy Queen acquired the Orange Julius segment in 1987. The findings of this research are presented in two parts. Acquisition and merger theory is discussed in the first part, while the acquisition of Orange Julius by Dairy Queen is analyzed in the second part."
From the Paper Introduction
" The purpose of this research is to examine harm to users of accounting information stemming directly from the use of that information. Harm to users of accounting information has resulted from instances of (1) deficiencies in generally accepted accounting procedures (GAAP), (2) inadequate performance on the part of professional accountants, and (3) outright fraud (Dingell, 1988, E2161).
Accountability in Public Accounting
An important development which is in the process of occurring in contemporary American public accounting is a change in the way in which professional public accountants are held accountable for their actions ("National Commission on Fraudulent..."
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of "goodwill" in business, and to look at how it is measured. Also, we will examine the problems of "goodwill" and analyze the price of goodwill when a business is purchased.
Normally, goodwill is seen in an annual report. The term there means an intangible asset. Goodwill of suppliers, workers, customers, is listed in the category of intangibles, but recently this term has been much abused. In annual reports of major companies, the amounts assigned in this category often appear to be arbitrary. If the value "goodwill" listed is as much as 20 percent to 30 percent of the total assets, this could be a signal that the company is short of "tangible" assets or long on liabilities. This has happened to many companies, in the mergers and acquisitions period of the 1980s."
From the Paper " The focus of this discussion is accounting principles underlying financial statements. Financial statements, which are compiled periodically, communicate to interested parties the data that have been recorded, processed, and summarized by a firm's accounting system. Financial statements include numerical tables as well as information and explanations incorporated into footnotes and supplementary sections. If financial statements are to present fairly the financial position and results of operations of a firm in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, they must include a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of changes in retained earnings, a statement of changes in financial position, and disclosure of changes (Accounting Principles Board (APB), 1970, Statement No. 4). A brief summary of these statements follows."
This paper discusses the long-term financing of corporations: Issuing of common and preferred stock, dividends, debts, leasing, decision making processes, voting rights and repurchasing..
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, 1991, $ 111.95
From the Paper "Long-term financing decisions are central to a firm's operating strategy. The decision to raise capital by selling stock or incurring long-term debt, or through some combination of these, has long-range implications for the company. Such decisions can determine the type and number of investors interested in the company, and also raises tax and financial reporting issues. This research addresses a broad overview of long-term financing, including stock (both common and preferred), dividends associated with stock, long-term debt financing, leasing, and other miscellaneous options.
One way a company can raise capital is to issue stock. This basically spreads ownership of the company across a broad group of individuals or institutions. Shares of common stock are the fundamental ownership units of the corporation. The articles of ... "
From the Paper "Money. It drives the world and especially the business world. In the opinion of some people it is even the creative force of business. As Harvard historian David Landes insists, "factories appeared when big machines were devised to overcome the cost advantage of cottage industry and put out production" (1986, 22). This cost advantage was overcome by the putting together of bought materials and selling them as finished goods. This created another economic factor: profit. The profit of a business comes from the flow of bought materials into sold finished goods. There are many factors affecting the flow of this production line. Financial managers are needed to track, analyze, and recommend or take action toward keeping the flow at its most optimum speed. That is, the speed which creates the highest profit margin while still meeting the in-built quality ..."
Auditing regulations covering development & administration of plans in accordance with reporting rules, tax laws, income statements, balance sheets and footnote disclosures.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, 1993, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Pension plans are one of the most popular benefits a company can offer to its employees. By helping long-term employees plan for retirement and reducing the reliance on Social Security, pension plans benefit both the employee, through the future payments after retirement, and the company, by encouraging long-term employee tenure. Because pension plans are considered employee benefits, some employees will accept lower salaries when a pension plan is included as part of the compensation package. Pension plans represent the largest institutional investors in the securities markets, and control billions of dollars in the economy. Even small, one person companies use pension plans to help their owners shelter money from taxes and defer those taxes until retirement. Because pension plans are an integral part of the business environment, accounting and auditing procedures are also.."
From the Paper "Chase Manhattan and Citicorp are two of the largest bank holding companies in the United States. Chase Manhattan is the sixth largest bank holding company and Citicorp is the largest bank holding company in the country. Both companies had checkered financial performance during the 1980s and early 1990s, and both have recently recovered. This research examines the financial performance of the companies in relation to each other and to the banking industry as a whole.
Citicorp provides a broad range of financial services for individuals and institutional clients from offices in 32 states and 92 foreign countries. Consumer banking services are provided through more than 1500 offices in five states and the District of Columbia, and through 2000 foreign offices. The company also has a ... "
Abstract This paper examines how an increase in personal income can decrease disposable spending. It explores the effects of aggregate demand and describes that a decrease in income taxes may offset the negative impact of reduced wealth on total spending. This paper includes a graph.
From the Paper "Personal income is income received by individuals from all possible sources. This includes wages, and income from dividends paid on investments. The largest component of total income is wages and salaries, a figure that can be estimated using payrolls and earnings data from the employment report. Beyond that, there are many other categories of income, including rental income, government subsidy payments, interest income, and dividend income. Personal income is a decent indicator of future consumer demand, but it is not perfect. Recessions usually occur when consumers stop spending, which then drives down income growth."
