From the Paper "VALUE AND THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ACCOUNTING
The concept of value is central to the objectives of accounting (Harper & Rose, 1993, p. 21). Nevertheless, defining exactly how value is to be determined remains a point of dispute among both accountants and the users of accounting information (Petree, 1993, p. 28; Aitken & Loftus, 1994, p. 1). Within such an environment, one issue raised is the value of continuing to pursue the development of a conceptual framework for accounting when the definition of a key concept--value--remains a point of dispute.
With respect to the valuation of the worth of a firm, one contention is that financial reports should provide prospective information to facilitate the assessment of the firm's future (Walther, 1993, pp..."
From the Paper "AUDITING: A SURVEY
Introduction
This research surveys to contemporary status of the field of auditing. Specifically addressed in this survey are (1) the role of the internal auditor in financial accounting, (2) the nature of governmental financial auditing, (3) differences between financial and operational auditing, and (4) the functioning of operational auditing and operational auditors.
Role of the Internal Auditor in Financial Accounting
In financial accounting, internal auditors focus on providing data for the internal use of an organization's managers, while independent auditors focus on providing data for external uses by investors and creditors. Statement on Auditing Standards (SA.."
Defines terms dealing with a firm's relations with both groups, the relationship between the groups, and how management accounting can be used to maximize value of both.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, 1999, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Introduction
Managers of an organization are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the business can function as an ongoing concern, which means conducting business at a profit. Beyond that, there are different opinions as to whether management is beholden to stockholders or to customers; some analysts suggest that managers should focus on providing maximum stakeholder value. This approach requires that the company take into account not only the effects of its efforts on shareholders and customers, but also on vendors, employees and the community in which it operates. For publicly held companies, executive managers answer to the board of directors which is responsible to the shareholders; this relationship is cited as the reason that companies often try to maximize shareholder value. But companies which seek only to maximize.."
Abstract There are two competing views of accounting principles: one maintaining that accounting principles are based on what is generally done in practice and the other holding that a foundation of fundamental premises ("concepts") necessarily underlies and determines sound practice (Storey, 1998, p. 1).
From the Paper "ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES: COMPETING VIEWS
There are two competing views of accounting principles: one maintaining that accounting principles are based on what is generally done in practice and the other holding that a foundation of fundamental premises ("concepts") necessarily underlies and determines sound practice (Storey, 1998, p. 1).
Introduction
This research examines the merits of the two competing views of the philosophical basis for accounting principles as delineated in the above quotation. With respect to the above quotation, its author, Reed Storey (1998), a former senior technical advisor at the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), added that the latter view (that accounting principles are based on ..."
Abstract The tax structures of Canada and the United States were compare and contrasted. Canada and the United States have in place a negotiated tax treaty. The treaty covers taxation on income and capital. Both Canada and the United States levy taxes on the bases of both residence and source income.
From the Paper "Comparing and Contrasting the Tax Structures in Canada and the United States
Executive Summary
The tax structures of Canada and the United States were compare and contrasted. Canada and the United States have in place a negotiated tax treaty. The treaty covers taxation on income and capital. Both Canada and the United States levy taxes on the bases of both residence and source income. The tax treaty between the two countries, however, governs the applicability of taxes to source income, as well as defining source income. The tax treaty provides for credits against taxes levied against citizens residing in the other country for income taxes paid in the other country.
The income tax is the primary revenue source at the fed..."
Abstract This paper discusses various accounting topics through a review of six newspaper articles. The paper outlines the accountant's role in an organization, provides an introduction to cost terms and purposes, and describes job costs and cost allocation. Performance measurement, compensation and multinational considerations are illustrated in this paper, as are the issues involved in inventory management and backflushing costing.
From the Paper "Key Company Assets Moving Offshore" proclaims the title of this recent article from the business section of The New York Times. A casual observer might shrug, but a student of accounting must turn a closer eye to this proclamation that American companies have been rapidly shifting more of their most valuable assets to tax havens, where the companies pay little or no tax on profits. What is so striking about this technique is that instead of simply moving their headquarters offshore, companies are also placing patents on drugs or ownership of corporate logos offshore, thus putting these "intangible assets" into tax havens as well. (C3)"
Concepts & applications of recording financial activities & discovering data relationships to enhance decision making process. Looks at balance sheet, flow of funds, inflation, inventory value, costs and input-output analysis.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 26 sources, 1986, $ 135.95
From the Paper " It is the purpose of this research to examine the concepts and applications of both financial and management accounting. Financial accounting is concerned with recording the actual financial activities of an organization, while managerial accounting is concerned with the discovery of the relationships in the financial data will enhance the managerial decision-making process. Garrison (1982, p. 13) has identified eight factors and characteristics which differentiate between financial and managerial accounting:
1. Managerial accounting focuses on providing data for the internal use of an organizations managers, while financial accounting focuses on providing data for external uses by investors and creditors."
From the Paper " The purpose of this research is to examine the roles and uses of cost accounting. The concepts involved in cost accounting are also reviewed, and the use of cost accounting in a firm's decision-making processes is assessed.
COST ACCOUNTING: DEFINITION, ROLES,
CONCEPTS, AND APPLICATIONS
In the United States (US), cost accounting is a part of managerial accounting. Where financial accounting is concerned with recording actual financial transactions, managerial accounting is concerned with the discovery of relationships in financial data which enhance managerial decision-making (Garrison, 1986, p. 19)."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the effects technological developments have had on the accounting profession. Technology has the capacity to affect the profession in two major ways. First, technological advances introduced into accounting practice may change the ways in which the profession operates. The obvious example in this instance is the application of computer technology to the accounting function. Second, the introduction of technological advances into the industries served by the accounting profession may result in (...)"
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the merger of International Dairy Queen and the Orange Julius segment of Orange Julius International. Dairy Queen acquired the Orange Julius segment in 1987. The findings of this research are presented in two parts. Acquisition and merger theory is discussed in the first part, while the acquisition of Orange Julius by Dairy Queen is analyzed in the second part."
From the Paper Introduction
" The purpose of this research is to examine harm to users of accounting information stemming directly from the use of that information. Harm to users of accounting information has resulted from instances of (1) deficiencies in generally accepted accounting procedures (GAAP), (2) inadequate performance on the part of professional accountants, and (3) outright fraud (Dingell, 1988, E2161).
Accountability in Public Accounting
An important development which is in the process of occurring in contemporary American public accounting is a change in the way in which professional public accountants are held accountable for their actions ("National Commission on Fraudulent..."
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of "goodwill" in business, and to look at how it is measured. Also, we will examine the problems of "goodwill" and analyze the price of goodwill when a business is purchased.
Normally, goodwill is seen in an annual report. The term there means an intangible asset. Goodwill of suppliers, workers, customers, is listed in the category of intangibles, but recently this term has been much abused. In annual reports of major companies, the amounts assigned in this category often appear to be arbitrary. If the value "goodwill" listed is as much as 20 percent to 30 percent of the total assets, this could be a signal that the company is short of "tangible" assets or long on liabilities. This has happened to many companies, in the mergers and acquisitions period of the 1980s."
From the Paper " The focus of this discussion is accounting principles underlying financial statements. Financial statements, which are compiled periodically, communicate to interested parties the data that have been recorded, processed, and summarized by a firm's accounting system. Financial statements include numerical tables as well as information and explanations incorporated into footnotes and supplementary sections. If financial statements are to present fairly the financial position and results of operations of a firm in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, they must include a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of changes in retained earnings, a statement of changes in financial position, and disclosure of changes (Accounting Principles Board (APB), 1970, Statement No. 4). A brief summary of these statements follows."
This paper discusses the long-term financing of corporations: Issuing of common and preferred stock, dividends, debts, leasing, decision making processes, voting rights and repurchasing..
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, 1991, $ 111.95
From the Paper "Long-term financing decisions are central to a firm's operating strategy. The decision to raise capital by selling stock or incurring long-term debt, or through some combination of these, has long-range implications for the company. Such decisions can determine the type and number of investors interested in the company, and also raises tax and financial reporting issues. This research addresses a broad overview of long-term financing, including stock (both common and preferred), dividends associated with stock, long-term debt financing, leasing, and other miscellaneous options.
One way a company can raise capital is to issue stock. This basically spreads ownership of the company across a broad group of individuals or institutions. Shares of common stock are the fundamental ownership units of the corporation. The articles of ... "
From the Paper "Money. It drives the world and especially the business world. In the opinion of some people it is even the creative force of business. As Harvard historian David Landes insists, "factories appeared when big machines were devised to overcome the cost advantage of cottage industry and put out production" (1986, 22). This cost advantage was overcome by the putting together of bought materials and selling them as finished goods. This created another economic factor: profit. The profit of a business comes from the flow of bought materials into sold finished goods. There are many factors affecting the flow of this production line. Financial managers are needed to track, analyze, and recommend or take action toward keeping the flow at its most optimum speed. That is, the speed which creates the highest profit margin while still meeting the in-built quality ..."
