Abstract This paper studies the first and second laws of thermodynamics and attempts to explain why humans do not violate the second law. The paper looks at the structure of ATP and the ADP/ATP cycle. The paper also examines the induced fit model of enzyme/substrate interaction.
From the Paper "The first law of thermodynamics says that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. The total amount of energy and matter in the universe remains constant; it merely changes from one..."
Tags:ATP/ADP Cycle, 1st Law of Thermodynamics, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, induced fit model
Abstract This paper presents a series of laboratory experiments which determined first that the rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the light intensity lit on the subject. Second, it shows how the light-independent reactions were dependent on the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose.
From the Paper "The most important source of energy for life on earth, photosynthesis is a process that we all rely on for our survival. In the cycle of life, oxygen is used by aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide is produced, which in turn is used in photosynthesis to produce oxygen and start the cycle over again. The two stages of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, are very different in their processes. In the following experiments we will study their relationship as well as the rate in which they produce oxygen. Using leaf discs with out oxygen, we will measure the amount of time it takes for these leaf discs to photosynthetically produce oxygen from water under varying light intensity. Our findings will show that the rate of oxygen production is proportional to the light intensity. Secondly, we will prove that the light-independent stage of photosynthesis is reliant on products from the light-dependent reactions in order to produce glucose. Our findings in both procedures will tell us much about the reactions in photosynthesis and the specific variables needed for its success."
Abstract In this paper the author starts with a summary of the dangers of high cholesterol and identifies the diseases it can contribute to. He then proceeds to discuss the different types of high cholesterol that there are such as HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or CHD (coronary heart disease) and what the acceptable levels of cholesterol are. The paper then analyzes which treatments are available and in what instances they can be used. Finally the paper looks at the benefits of a change in lifestyle which can help treat high cholesterol and also the drug programs that are available. The paper concludes with a statement that the ATP 111 guidelines are for all adults not just for adults under the age of 65 years.
Table of Contents
Introduction
HDL Cholesterol
CHD Equivalents
Treatment
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
Drug Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper "TLC includes diet, physical action, and weight loss. ATP III persist to strain the significance of nonpharmacologic healing however be familiar with its confines by dropping the examination of these modalities from six months to 12 weeks prior to taking into consideration the use of medications to help in achieving optional LDL goals. In addition, the composition of the diet has been customized. One diet is suggested for all patients, as contrasting to the two-step diet suggested in the preceding guidelines. The ATP III suggests the totaling of plant stanols (hydrogenated phytosterols) to the patient's diet when early on attempts to change the diet have not resulted in reaching the LDL purpose."
Abstract The writer explains that in the set of experiments discussed in the paper, myosin and actomyosin were isolated and gradually purified from rabbit muscle myofibrils. The two proteins were initially precipitated together out of solution, in order to remove any impurities. Then, the two proteins could be separated from each other, by taking advantage of differential solubility. The writer notes that after each time they were re-suspended or redissolved, the solutions were centrifuged in order to further improve purity. Any solution containing the contractile proteins or ATP were kept on ice during the experiments, and stored in a freezer at all other times. The writer discusses that using the Bradford protein assay and the SDS-PAGE, the concentrations and weights of the purified proteins in the final solutions were measured. For all protein samples, no appreciable concentration of protein could be detected after diluting the samples by 100 times. However, the other two dilutions yielded normal results.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "The head of the myosin is the part which interacts with the other molecules. Without ATP, the myosin head is bound tightly to the actin, called the rigor state. However, ATP weakens this interaction by opening a cleft in the myosin head and disrupting the actin-binding site. When the myosin head is free of actin, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP. This causes a conformational change in the head that moves it to a new position, closer to the (+) end of the actin filament, (away from the origin site) where it reattaches. The dissociation of the phosphate from ATP also causes a conformational change, this time in the myosin head. As a result, myosin returns to its original state (the rigor state). Because myosin is still bound to actin, this conformational change exerts a force that causes myosin to move the actin filament. This is the power stroke. Essentially, contraction is a series of these power strokes by the actomyosin complex, the myosin head is moving along the actin filament through constant detachment and reattachment."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that the Na+-K+-ATPase (Sodium Pump)The Na+-K+-ATPase, or sodium pump is a highly-conserved integral membrane protein existing in almost all cells in higher organisms. The writer further explains that a human at rest contains cells that consist roughly of 25% cytoplasmic ATP which is hydrolyzed by sodium pumps. Approximately 70% of ATP is consumed to fuel sodium pumps in nerve cells. In the body, the autonomic nervous system heart cells are regulated through these receptors to modulate certain ion-kinetic structures to influence ion movement. The writer concludes that the sodium pump is involved in cell junction maintenance, thus ensuring that the heart cells stay connected with one another. The writer also notes that without this sodium pump, the body cannot function and the heart never develops.
From the Paper "Description of the structure of this molecule is still uncertain, but information is available to define the amino acids involved in ATP and cation binding. The sodium pump, which is located within the outside membrane of the cell, grabs sodium and releases it on the other side of the membrane, repositioning itself to do so, then grabs potassium and releases it within the cell: Within the cell, ATP is bound to the empty pump, the N/A+ ions approach the pump, are bound to the pump until the pump is loaded with (3) Na+ ions, ATP is hydrolyzed, the pump phosphorylated, the pump reorients in the membrane and the Na+ ions start to fall off outside of the cell. As the Na+ ions are released, (2) K+ ions approach the pump, are bound and dephosporylation takes place. The ATP is bound to the pump, a conformational change takes place when the K+ is in the cell and they are delivered into the interior of the cell and the pump is ready to start again. Although it is difficult to explain the structure of this "pump," based on primary amino acid sequence, it probably possesses 8 or 10 transmembrane domains."
Abstract The paper discusses a looming problem for the European Union and its welfare states Denmark and Spain. He stresses the fact that, on the one hand, people are retiring at younger ages and living longer, and on the other hand there are fewer people to contribute to pension funds due to decreasing populations and the use of technology instead of labor. The paper examines the pension schemes and demographic trends of Denmark and Spain and gives an overview of the welfare state.
From the Paper "As Spain moves into the twenty first century, many of its citizens are being forced to give up long-cherished traditional lifestyles to come to terms with new societal demands. Traditionally in Spain, the elderly have lived with their children. But several factors are combining to change that tradition. One of those factors is increasing educational levels for women. As has been reported in numerous studies, as women's educational levels rise the number of children they have decreases. Today's Spanish women are entering the workforce, leaving them less able to take care of elderly relatives in the home."
Abstract With the renewed emphasis on longevity, good health and performance, much public attention and scientific research ? and commercial activity ?has been focused on the role of creatine and whey protein on bodybuilding and health, particularly of athletes. This paper examines the effects of whey protein on the body. It discusses findings of research done on athletes to show how whey protein improves their performance. The paper also explores the useful applications from ingredients derived from whey protein.
From the Paper "Separate researches on the value of creatine on muscular and nervous diseases discovered its probable value in alleviating symptoms, such as muscle weakness and fatigue, rather than treat the diseases. These diseases include Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and congestive heart failure. A study on mice at the Harvard Medical School and Cornell University bolstered previous studies and suggested that creatine may protect against Lou Gehrig's disease, having observed its efficacy at twice as that of an FDA-prescription drug, Riluzole, for treating the disease (Annussek). The usual dosage of creatine is 10-30 grams daily in several doses for four to six days, and a maintenance dose of 2-5 grams daily. There are as yet no known harmful effects of ingesting creatine, but kidney patients, young people below 16 and pregnant and breastfeeding women are cautioned against taking it for lack of sufficient medical findings of safety on their group."
Abstract This comparison of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) needs of an amateur marathon runner and a "normal" non-athlete or sedentary person illustrates the difference in the quantities of nutrients each need to maintain a healthy and well functioning body. It also shows the consequence of continued consumption of such a diet to the marathon runner if the athlete becomes a non-athlete.
From the Paper "Once established, the calorie requirement per day will illustrate the difference in needs between the athlete and non-athlete. The normal sedentary adult requires .40 grams per pound of body weight per day of protein to stay within RDA guidelines. The adult competitive athlete requires .90 grams per pound of body weight per day, more than twice the number of the non-athlete. (Parsons, 2003)"
Abstract A number of ergogenic substances are used to augment performance in a given domain today. In sports, such substances are generally used to assist athletes in performing with more speed and strength and to endure more pain than normal. An example of an ergogenic aid is creatine. This innocuous chemical has also assumed some new relevance in amateur and professional sport settings, and its use in a training regimen has been called into question in recent months. To this end, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine precisely what creatine is, how it is used, and what its implications for athletes might be. A summary of the research and recommendations for its use are provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper "The competition is tough, certainly, but because sports programs are supposed to promote a healthier lifestyle, the social circumstances of adolescents and their athletic participation greatly influence their substance use behaviors; as a result, promoting a social climate among athletics that promotes a chemical supplementation regimen in place of more traditional exercise and healthy living factors smacks of hypocrisy, is contrary to logic, and makes no sense in an otherwise-zero tolerance drug enforcement setting."
This paper details the results of clinical test data which prove that by properly lowering blood cholesterol levels in patients age 65 and older they'll receive similar benefits to those of much younger adults.
Abstract This paper details the morbidity and mortality risks of coronary heart disease in elderly patients. The writer stresses the importance of proper treatment and deterrence which is fundamental to developing the length and worth of life for the geriatric residents at large. The results of the clinical test data in this paper have confirmed that patients age 65 and older receive similar advantage from blood cholesterol decline as younger adults. Drug therapy in this populace, while safe, necessitates cautious surveillance and dose modification due to potentially distorted drug metabolism and concomitant medications.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Assessment and Diagnosis
Treatment
Combination Therapy
Conclusion
Resources
From the Paper "The cholesterol that builds up in atherosclerotic lesions starts off principally from plasma lipoproteins, predominantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Continuous hypercholesterolemia results in optimistic cholesterol equilibrium at the vascular interface, with more lipoprotein-bound cholesterol entering than exiting the arterial wall. This directed net invasion of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol into the vascular arterial intima speeds up the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL-C in the subendothelial layers of the arterial wall, which can be shaped by triggered endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, or monocytes/macrophages, appears to be a key irreversible event in the atherogenic process. As an atherosclerotic lesion develops below an intact layer of endothelial cells, macrophages may discharge toxic products, including superoxide anions, cytokines, and proteolytic enzymes, which can lead to endothelial dysfunction."
Tags: health, cardiac, geriatric, elderly, medicine, treatment, study
Abstract This paper defines respiration and distinguishes it from breathing. The paper discusses different chemical pathways in cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transfer pathway, production of ATP and utilization of glucose. The paper also studies aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
From the Paper "Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules such as glucose are oxidized to provide energy in the form of adenosinetriphosphate ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities carried out by the cell. It differs from breathing in that..."
Tags: cellular respiration, respiration, respirsatory pigments, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transfer reaction
Abstract This essay reviews the article "Altered cholesterol metabolism in Niemann-Pick type C1 mouse brains affects mitochondrial function" published in J. Biol. Chem. This paper provides a short overview of the significance of cholesterol and past published results. After the results of the research from the title article are presented, the further research ideas are given.
From the Paper "Cholesterol is a sterols, a member of very important group of lipid alcohols. It can be found in the tissues of all vertebrates, but it only rarely occurs in considerable quantities in higher plants. The most common sterolss in the plant membranes are stigmasterols and b-sitosterols. Their structures are similar to that of cholesterol. The major difference is the structure of the aliphatic side chain bonded to the fused rings. Cholesterol's excess is generally associated with the formation of the plaques in the arteries, which cause them to clog. "
Abstract The paper examines the absorption spectrum of a chloroplast suspension. The paper further examines the determination of the effect of light quality (wavelength) on photosynthetic rate. The paper explores how to measure photosynthetic rate with dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), determining the extent of color loss of the dye DCPIP.
From the Paper "The second experiment of this lab is determination of the effect of light quality on photosynthetic rate. The cabbage has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxx(nm) in blue light. But the spinach has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxxx(nm), in green light. Red cabbage and spinach have different photosynthetic rates in four different kinds of light, because red cabbage and spinach have different-colored leaves. For red cabbage, the highest to lowest photosynthetic rate is blue (xxxxx nm), broad spectrum (xxxxx nm), red (xxxxxnm), and green (xxxx nm)."
Abstract The writer notes that the objective of the laboratory describe in the paper is to observe mobile cells and their characteristics. Three distinct samples are viewed: plant cells from an Elodea leaf, a eukaryotic animal cell called Tetrahymena pyriformis, and myofibrils from a rabbit muscle. The writer points out that when movement is detected in the plant and animal cells, it can lead to calculations of speed. Both intracellular and inter-cellular movement is exemplified in the samples. The writer notes that cells are not only observed under natural conditions, but also after biochemical alterations. The effects of these biochemical changes are also noted. The addition of methyl cellulose enables more accurate observation of the animal cells, since it reduces their speed. The writer concludes that when the ATP was added, the decrease in size proved that the myofibrils are responsible for the muscular function and that the muscle is dependant on the myofibrils successfully working together. However, each cluster of myofibrils appeared to be structurally independent, meaning it was not connected to any other cluster.
Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
References
From the Paper "The Tetrahymena cells were all similar in size, and were either circular or elliptical in shape. Their nuclei and cytoplasms were clearly seen, but any other organelles were difficult to distinguish. Whether they moved horizontally, vertically or diagonally, linear motion was consistent in all the cells. It also seemed like they each one followed a unique path across the field of view. After adding methyl cellulose to these cells, their movement became significantly slower, and deceleration continued until the cells stopped moving altogether. However, their movement also became random, sporadic and generally unpredictable, since they did not seem to be following any particular path. As well, some cells began moving in a circular motion, as if around an axis, and many cells began to gather in large groups once they stopped moving."
Abstract This paper explains that biomaterials are synthetic materials used to replace or restore damaged function. They should be biocompatible, non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. The paper reports that metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are the most commonly used biomaterials. The paper then details their use as synthetic orthopedic, dental and breast implants, in hernia repair, in gene therapy, to replace damaged organs, to enhance bone healing, to store and dispense multiple drug doses and multi-stage vaccines and other uses.
Table of Contents:
Biomaterials in Medical Use
Polymers
Shaped Bodies
The Ideal Materials
ATP Research Fund
PolyHap Implants for Damaged Faces
Polymer Chip
Anti-bacterial Implants
Breast Implants
Polyurethane-covered Implants
Benefits and Contraindications
Benefits
Contraindications
Implants for Malignant Gliomas
BCNU/Gliadel
Polymer Technology
Periodontium Regenerating System
The Invention's Specifics
The Future is Biodegradable
Hernia Device
Summary
From the Paper "Periodontal disease affects up to 90% of the population and surgery has been the first choice of therapy. Surgery, however, does not restore lost periodontium. Restoration can happen if periodontal ligament cells can colonize root surfaces over gingival epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts or osteoblasts. The application of microporous membranes under periodontal flaps during surgery eventually brought this effect about. A biodegradable membrane would make a follow-up surgery unnecessary and benefit both patient and surgeon from further health condition and cost."
