Abstract The paper discusses the quantitative research methodology tool ANOVA, the analysis of variance. To illustrate this particular research tool, an article employing ANOVA is examined in detail with its component sections reviewed, with a critical eye towards the use of ANOVA. The paper concludes that ANOVA is a valid and highly important statistical research device that allows the researcher to better understand the character of the topic at hand.
From the Paper "The problem posed in Spitzner's, Marron's, and Essick's (2003) article, "Mixed-Model Functional ANOVA for Studying Human Tactile Perception," is that traditional two-dimensional approaches to quantitative statistical analysis fail to take advantage of advances in graphical applications that extend statistical analysis into a the realm of three-dimensionality. The study is necessary to illustrate how some of these graphical statistics programs can, "permit subjects to draw some aspect of the sensory experience without the constraints of numerical scales or experimenter-defined categories" (Spitzner, Marron, & Essick, 2003, para.2). The authors wish to accomplish this by employing ANOVA (analysis of variances) techniques mediated through graphical statistical analysis."
Abstract This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using a varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former. The paper then includes an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation for the data and an interpretation of the results.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
ANOVA Research Issue
Primary Research Data
Interpretation of Primary Data
Secondary Research Data
ANOVA Testing
ANOVA Interpretation
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper "Due to the high social cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States, much research has been performed on the variables influencing the trend. Team A has conducted numerous studies to obtain primary and secondary data for determining relevant, influential factors affecting teen pregnancy rates. This paper will provide a summary of the research data obtained by Team A, along with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data. Additionally, the results of the ANOVA testing will be interpreted."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the challenge in business is to produce quality products or services efficiently. Ensuring quality involves customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous improvement. The writer discusses a simulation, in which the assignment was to monitor on-time delivery of projects and client satisfaction. The writer looks at an analysis using ANOVA and nonparametric tests, determining the cause for the problem according to the test results and suggesting process improvements. The writer discusses the sequential process of how to use ANOVA, the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The writer then notes that a manager can use statistical analysis to identify process changes and improvements to address quality issues. Finally, the writer looks at the importance of obtaining input from others in the work team who are more knowledgeable in statistics.
From the Paper "The first lesson this author learned, is that according to the simulation, the process of applying ANOVA and nonparametric tests is sequential. A manager should first analyze the descriptive statistics of the data, check the assumptions of ANOVA and nonparametric tests, then decide which test to use for analysis. In the end, he can make process improvements based on the results of the analysis. After gathering the data, a manager should check the assumptions of ANOVA and nonparametric tests. If he is not sure if the data has a normal distribution, then it is at that point that he would use the Kruskal-Wallis test. And before making a decision, he should perform the chi-square goodness of fit test to check the normality of the data so that he can determine if the population has a normal distribution. After performing the chi-square test, if the data shows that the chi-square test statistic is greater than the chi-square critical value, it means that the test statistic lies outside the acceptance area and the manager should reject the null hypothesis."
An examination of the use of analysis of variance model (ANOVA) to analyze statistical procedures by Nicholas Bakalar in his study, "Patterns: Parkinson's Raises Risks of Depression in Relatives."
Abstract This paper discusses the analysis of statistical procedures, particularly using the analysis of variance model (ANOVA). The paper focuses on the use of ANOVA by Nicholas Bakalar in his study, "Patterns: Parkinson's Raises Risks of Depression in Relatives." The paper discusses why ANOVA was chosen as an appropriate method of statistical procedure analysis and looks at the benefits of using this method.
From the Paper "This study goes beyond showing the higher risks of family members. This disease now shows that it is detrimental not only to those afflicted by it, but also those surrounding them as well. It gives researchers the data necessary to take precautionary steps to help those individuals who may be at higher risk of exhibiting signs of depression and anxiety disorder. Now that researchers have statistical data showing exactly how much more at risk this specific population is, methods can be taken in order to ensure proper diagnosis, treatment, and precautionary analysis of individuals with immediate family members afflicted with the terror which is Parkinson's disease."
Abstract In the realm of behavioral science, researchers try to understand the psychological workings of a population by examining the traits, or variables, of a smaller sample. Statistical analyses on the data collected from samples are used in order to understand how observed behavioral phenomena generalize to a broader population. The paper shows that the main goal of this kind of research is to define what is average or typical of a group in regards to a certain characteristic or condition. A systematic comparison of the average tendencies of two or more groups yields a more accurate evaluation of group similarities and differences than does an informal examination of the data. This paper discusses and compares the four methods of testing: Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and their multivariate equivalence (MANOVA and MANCOVA).
From the Paper "Overall, MANOVA is utilized when a researcher desires an ANOVA-like analysis for more than one dependent variable. The main purpose of MANOVA is to test whether mean differences among the independent variable on a combination of dependent variables are due to chance or a real effect. This is achieved by creating a single dependent measure from a combination of all dependent measures that maximizes the between group differences. Including more than one dependent measure improves the researcher's chance of discovering what can change between different treatments or measures that more clearly defines the group."
This paper is an empirical study of World Health Organization data evaluating the relationship of sanitary health conditions to the number of cases of HIV and tuberculosis.
Abstract This paper explains that home-based care is a strategy increasingly relied on by many countries adversely affected by HIV/AIDS because they have weak health systems and infrastructures and are overwhelmed by the volume of patients requiring long-term care, and yet, their sanitation and hygiene, which underpin these home care strategies, are often poor. The author uses variables such as the number of people living with HIV, GDP/Capita (US$), expenditure on health per capita (US$), access to improved water resources in urban and rural areas, access to better sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas, prevalence of contraceptives (which serves to explain the sexual behavior) and the number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases detected in a year. The paper is based on a statistical regression procedure including ANOVA on all the selected variables with the number of people with HIV and tuberculosis living in 70 countries; the data is reported by organizing these countries into global regional zones.
Table of Contents
Analysis of Data for the World
AFR (African Region)
HIV
Tuberculosis
South-East Asian Region
HIV
TB Cases
West-Pacific Region
HIV
The Eastern Mediterranean Region
HIV Cases
TB Cases
American Region
Data
HIV Cases
TB Cases
European Region (EUR)
HIV Dependent
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "While in many African countries, everyone is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, the people worst affected are those living in poor, over crowded areas that lack adequate sanitary facilities, water supply, and medical care. Having a potable water supply and latrine close to one's home is a basic human right. Access to adequate water supply and sanitation facilities helps people to live healthier lives, free from the risks of water and sanitation related illnesses and affords them the dignity that is due to them being human being. For a person living with HIV/AIDS access to water and sanitation facilities is especially critical. The risks posed by poor facilities can be fatal. It is an undeniable fact that poverty goes hand-in-hand with inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities and people living in over crowded slum areas severely face this inadequacy. It is observed from the data obtained from WHO that the incidence of HIV is positively correlated with absolute poverty (in terms of income <$1) by a factor 0.25 and with the Gini coefficient by a factor of 0.21. In this study, data have been analyzed on various variables and has made an effort to explain the correlations and trends for each of the regions classified by the WHO."
Tags: relationships, anova, home-based, zones, water
This paper is a research proposal to investigate the effects of gender-related leadership styles on the ability of male and female employees to relate to others.
Abstract This paper examines the following research question: "To what extent, will there be a statistically significant effect, at a confidence level of .05, of male and female leadership styles (authoritarian, laissez-faire, democratic) on the ability of employees to self-disclose (relate oneself) to significant others as measured by the Jourard self-disclosure questionnaire?" The author points out that to maintain the research integrity as to the reliability and validity of the measurement data and statistical data analysis, the data collection will adhere to both pre-data collection and during collection procedures. The paper relates that, as the proposed study is seeking to determine the effects of an independent or treatment variable on the outcome or dependent variable, an orthogonal analysis of variance (ANOVA), which is an inferential parametric statistic, will be used to statistically analyze the data.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Operational Definitions
Gender
Authoritarian Leadership Style
Laissez-faire Leadership Style
Democratic Leadership Style
Self-Disclosure
Data Collection
Statistical Data Analysis Procedure
Measurement Instrument
From the Paper "For the proposed investigation, the environment from which the sample of both male and female employees and male and female managers will be selected will be from two different manufacturing environments wherein each manufacturing operation has at 6 male managers and 6 female managers who represent, equally all three leadership styles. The number of employees to be sampled will be 60 males and 60 females and are equally distributed among the three leadership style managers and business environments."
Abstract Many research studies focus on negative emotions and their adverse impact on individuals? capacity to function. Based on this premise, this paper focuses on the role positive emotions play in influencing various aspects of human thought and behavior, especially research studies that have proved that positive emotions can help alleviate the pain of chronically ill patients. Furthermore, positive emotions can also improve the thought processes of the brain. In analyzing 20 articles on the subject, the author verifies the validity of these research studies and determines how positive emotions can assert a positive impact on the human mind and body.
From the Paper "Using a factor analysis, the researchers found that positive affect was a strong predictor of the overall quality of the interaction between the two partners. On the other hand, negative affect did not predict any dimensions of the interaction in the first study. For the second study, positive affect was related to the frequency and the quality of the social interaction. At the same time, negative affect was also related to the frequency and the quality of the social interaction. More significantly, individuals with high negative affect were shown to have significantly more same-sex interaction than opposite-sex dyadic interactions."
Examines a variety of statistical procedures and shows how statistics analysis company, Polk Company, applies some of them for their analytical objectives.
Abstract Statistics refers to the processes of collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data in forms usable for policy analysis, decision-making and other important tasks confronting people and organizations in contemporary society. It is within this framework that Polk Company, one of America's oldest and largest consumer marketing firms, operates.
This study considers the application at the Polk Company of 11 tasks associated with the processes of collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data. In each instance, the data management or statistical analysis function is defined, the learning process is explained within the context of the Kolb Model, and an illustration of the application of the data management or statistical analysis function is presented. The 11 data management or statistical analysis functions are (1) organizing data, (2) averages and variations, (3) elementary probability theory, (4) normal distribution, (5) binomial distribution, (6) sampling distribution, (7) estimation, (8) hypothesis testing, (9) regression and correlation, (10) chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) which is based on the F statistic and (11) non-parametric statistics.
From the Paper "Type 1 learners, when working with hypotheses, tend to review available data without bias and study and consider the data from a variety of perspectives to develop workable hypotheses related to analytical objectives. Type 2 learners would approach the task by developing theoretical models upon which to base hypotheses, and then study and consider the data from a variety of perspectives in which model best supports the development of workable hypotheses. Type 3 learners would approach the task by developing theoretical models upon which to base hypotheses, and then experiment with alternative hypotheses to determine how best to achieve analytical objectives. Type 4 learners would review available data without bias, and then experiment with alternative hypotheses to determine how best to achieve analytical objectives."
Abstract This study investigates the effect a telecommuting program would have on the creative process in the development of computer software, on the productivity of software development teams and on the organizational commitment of software development employees. The research shows that telecommuting had statistically significant negative effects on two aspects of creativity ? workgroup synergy and exchange of ideas, but has no significant effects on either individual creativity or workgroup creativity. With respect to productivity, the research shows that telecommuting has statistically significant negative effects on two aspects of the productivity dimension ? keeping workgroup members aware of design changes and perceptions of workgroup productivity, but has no significant effects on either keeping workgroup members abreast of project status or an individual's perception of her or his personal productivity. The conclusion drawn in this paper is that software development firms should not implement telecommuting programs in the absence of intensive research to develop strategies to overcome the problems identified in this study. The study recommends the conduct of further research into the issue of the effects of telecommuting on employee commitment. The paper uses numerous tables.
From the Paper "As stated in the proposal for this project, the study investigated three research questions. These three research questions assess the effects of telecommuting on creativity, productivity, and commitment. An experimental design allowed the measurement of the perceptions of the effects on creativity, productivity, and commitment of software developer workgroup members as both on-site workers and as telecommuting workers. Comparing these perceptions through the application of quantitative analysis provided answers to the research questions investigated. The software developer workgroup consisted of 16 members. A data collection instrument administered to the workgroup members following both an on-site project and a telecommuting project provided the data required to assess the research questions. The appendix to this report contains a copy of the data collection instrument. Questions one through four related to the creativity issue, while questions five through eight related to the productivity issue, and questions nine through 12 relate to the commitment issue."
Abstract The scope of this paper is to identify ten individual independent variables, such as economic or industrial growth and to test their significance in the prediction of variance in the percent defense expenditure within individual nations throughout the international community, through correlation to the dependent variable Percent GDP Army.
Outline
Introduction
Statistical Analysis of Variable Correlations
Hypotheses and Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper "An individual nation's defense expenditures can be clearly correlated to a variety of domestic and international factors. The importance of discovering such correlations has been clearly evidenced through the repetitive events of global history. In the event the international community becomes able to accurately monitor and predict defense expenditures by individual nations in a timely and efficient manner, future conflicts, humanitarian crises, and global economic depressions may be effectively identified prior to occurrence and effectively circumvented."
Abstract This paper provides a critical evaluation of two nursing articles, one experimental and one non-experimental, with respect to the soundness of the stated research question and the research methodology employed to deliver the appropriate answer or answers to the stated question. The articles reviewed are: "Improving the Retention Rate of Newly Graduated Nurses", Pam Almanda, et al. (2004, non-experimental) and "Nurse Internship Pathway to Clinical Comfort, Confidence and Competency", Cheryl Blanzola, et. al. (2004, experimental).
From the Paper "Unfortunately the hypothesis stated by Blanzola and her two co-authors set forth a hypothesis that was not only in null form but one that predicted an increase in core competency attainment visa via internship participation. The reason a direction is not suitable for experimental research lies in the area of attempting to explain that which did not happened. Attempting to give reason as to why a treatment (nursing internship) did not happen is fraught with subjective explanations and akin to discussing how many angles can be placed on a head of a pin. In other words, there is no reasonable answer."
Abstract This paper describes the research and statistical analysis of a problem experienced at a hypothetical automobile manufacturing plant. The author examines two alternative approaches to to quality assurance and selects one for implementation.
From the Paper "An automobile manufacturing company located in the United States faced a problem related to product quality in relation to the introduction of anew model to the production line. The added work and new design issues required a change in quality assurance procedures to make sure that important factors were not overlooked across models. Quality assurance managers formulated two alternative approaches to quality assurance and it was necessary to select one of the methods for implementation. "
Abstract This paper offers a description of an analysis of variance, plus revisions to and extension of existing text.
From the Paper "Introduction to the Study. Information technology, IT, has been and continues to be applied in a wide range of economic activities. One of the latest and potentially most significant advances in IT in relation to organizational performance, is the development of innovations in information technology that hold the potential to influence the structure of strategic management systems in organizations. (Cohen) Statement of the Problem. Information is critical to organizational performance in the contemporary knowledge-based economy. As a consequence, information systems have become a primary organizational resource."
