Abstract This paper discusses the ABA Pilot Project, a program utilizing behavioral and social learning theories for exceptional children who are autistic. It discusses the ABA perspective of autism. The author explores the attributes of the program.
Abstract This paper discusses applied behavior analysis (ABA) and explains that it follows accepted theory that autism is neurologically based and affects a variety of behaviors. An attempt is made in the paper to differentiate between applied behavior analysis (ABA) and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. The paper also relates the seven essential elements that make up the ABA approach and provides general recommendations as to what constitutes a good program. The paper contends that parents' first priority must be to have their child evaluated with an acceptable assessment test. The paper then discusses how the goal of applied behavior analysis may be achieved when the child can be satisfactorily mainstreamed.
From the Paper "Today it is in the news for its use with children, particularly those children diagnosed with autism. But it is important to make the differentiation between ABA and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. ABA is not a program in itself. It is a framework for a scientific approach to the problem. It is, rather, an umbrella under which many different systems and theories can operate. It may seem to be splitting hairs, but ABA is not synonymous with any of the various programs which may claim it as their own private domain."
Abstract In this article, the writer critiques an article published in the Irish Times on March 20, 2007. The title of the piece is 'New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment' and it confidently asserts that applied behavior analysis can help autistic children overcome their condition. This refers specifically to children who receive ABA out-strip in behavior and, in cognitive performance, those who receive "eclectic" treatment.
The writer concludes that the article falls short of what it could be because it is uncritical, short on methodological specifics, and exhibits a general lack of concern about the notion that the individuals cited in its body may be individuals who have a vested interest in seeing ABA given more credit than it warrants. The article itself is appended to the paper.
From the Paper "To begin with, there are some positives to the manner in which the aforementioned study is described in the article. For one thing, the article is lucidly-written, so novice readers will not find the text inaccessible or confusing. Further, the writer or writers of the report wisely eschew technical terms, thereby allowing the reader to focus his or her attention upon the important thing in the piece, which is that ABA intervention really does work. Finally, the article does a commendable job of capturing at length the sentiments of two scholars - study author and noted professor Bob Remington of the University of Southampton and Dr Geraldine Leader, chairwoman of the Psychological Society of Ireland's division of Behaviour Analysis - who staunchly support the idea that ABA intervention is the approach to take when dealing with autistic children. Unfortunately, this is where the good things to be said about the article draw to a close."
Abstract The writer of this paper shows how the religion of Islam lays great stress on the 'oneness' of God. The paper shows how the concept of oneness - Tawhid in Arabic - is one of the fundamentals of the Islamic faith and how great stress is laid on the monotheistic doctrine in the Quran, the Sunnah (teachings of Prophet Muhammad) and by most Muslim scholars.
From the Paper "Most pagan Arabs, before and up to the time of the Prophet Muhammad, worshipped many gods and divinities and the Ka'aba in Mecca was the most prominent of the sanctuaries in which scores of idols were kept. The Qu'ran in its uncompromising message of monotheism, forbade all worship of idols, man-made objects and more than one God. "Do you worship what you have carved yourself?" The Qu'ran asks in one place (Chapter 37, Verse: 95). In fact, in the Islamic doctrine, even associating any deity or personality with God is considered to be the most deadly sin, which God will never forgive despite the fact that He is called "All Merciful" repeatedly in the Qu'ran and would forgive all other sins."
Tags: Allah, Muhammad, trinitarianism, Jesus, Ka'aba, Muslim
Abstract The autistic student presents a special challenge to educators because of the nature of the disorder. An autistic child presents not only educational challenges from an academic standpoint, but also presents challenges in the classroom behavioral arena. This paper presents a detailed examination of Autism in the classroom. The writer explores the identification of the disorder, explains the disorder and discusses various methods used in the classroom to teach the child who has the disorder. Among the issues discussed are social isolation, language and cognitive deficits and treatment.
From the Paper "Another activity that has proven useful with autistic children is to place them in group play. Placing an autistic child in a group where there is one autistic child and two non autistic children allows the autistic child to view the appropriate interactions that can and should occur between peers. This activity allows the autistic child to mimic even if he or she cannot explain or understand why the behavior being mimicked is appropriate.
?Facilitated communication is purported to be a unique and effective communication option for individuals with autism and other severe disabilities(Simpson, 1995).?"
Abstract In today's society, lawyers are encouraged to present the option of pursuing alternate dispute resolution to clients as a matter of good practice and lawyers who fail to do so may be subject to malpractice liability. This paper explores the growing popularity of alternate dispute resolution (ADR) due to the high costs, both financially and to relationships, of traditional litigation.
Subtitles in the Paper: Alternate Dispute Resolution; Ethics and Dispute Resolution; The Costs of Conflict; Ethical Issues in Choosing Whether and How to Mediate; Client Satisfaction; Methods of Dispute Resolution in Businesses; The Role of Counsel; Results of Alternate Dispute Resolution; A Lawyer's Duty to Advise About ADR; Ethical Rules of ADR; Lawyer as Client Representative or Advocate; Lawyers as Neutrals; Conflict of Interest; Malpractice and Negligence; History of ADR; Everyday Disputes; Determining the Role of a Mediator; Conclusion.
From the Paper "Alternate dispute resolution is a practical business and personal solution, as there are significant costs associated with different ways of resolving disputes, which often outweigh the conflict itself .
The direct costs associated with disputes include the fees of lawyers and other professionals. In 1994, nearly 18 million cases were filed in U.S. courts at a cost of $300 billion.
Productivity costs involve the value of lost time, or the cost of what those involved would otherwise be producing. Continuity cost is the eventual end of relationships that would have continued without the conflict. Emotional cost reflects the pain of focusing on emotions and the problems this can cause psychologically."
Tags: American, Bar, Association, ABA, ombuds, Supreme, Court
Abstract This paper begins by exploring the history of women lawyers, including their fight to gain the right to practice law and be accepted into law schools. The paper discusses the various problems that these women face, such as wage disparities, sexual harassment and mistreatment in the courtroom and proposes solutions to these problems. The paper then focuses on the biggest problem that women face in the legal profession ? the balance of career vs. family. Finally, the paper discusses how women lawyers are being denied opportunities for promotions and partnerships because of the glass ceiling that the traditional law firm structure creates.
From the Paper "Authors like Dr. Edward H. Clarke avidly argued against women working in America. He claimed that women who exerted energy away from their reproductive organs and into their brain would threaten their health and their ability to create children (Drachman 38). The concept of a female being a lawyer was unfathomable to men as they felt that a woman was naturally intended to bear children and not to participate in the public sphere. In 1875, as Chief Justice Ryan of the Wisconsin Supreme Court rejected a woman's application to the bar, he stated that judicial admission of women would result in a "sweeping revolution of social order" (Drachman 29). Finally, a major factor that played a role during this era was the fear that once women were allowed to practice, a slippery slope would give them the right to vote."
Abstract This paper comparatively discusses the origin, development, and behavior of three different offices in the United States's judicial system, those of prosecutor, private attorney, and public defender. It also examines how each of these roles interrelate with one another. The paper concludes that these three offices hold their independence, and their separation of powers is guaranteed; without the functioning of these offices, the judiciary would come to a standstill.
From the Paper "There is no relation between private attorney and prosecutor and there is no confidential or privileged communication under the law, between them. A prosecutor may be disqualified if he obtained any privileged information by any attorney-client relationship that would adversely affect the interest of the defendant in any of the pending criminal charges against him. However a lawyer who is a parent, child sibling or spouse of a prosecutor can defend a criminal case prosecuted by the other lawyer's office as long as the other lawyer does not in any manner handle the case."
Abstract The paper outlines the 'applied behavior analysis' (ABA) approach and the 'treatment and education of autistic and related communication-handicapped children' (TEEACH) approach to teaching and discusses three suggested approaches to reading instruction; bottom-up, top-down and eclectic where there is a mix of bottom-up and top-down modes. The paper examines the literature that shows how students with autism require a reading program that is structured, but flexible because all children with autism seem to express different needs and learning styles. The paper then reveals that the eclectic approach is best, because an autistic student requires several methodologies to obtain the appropriate education.
From the Paper "When teaching a beginning autistic reader, especially as late as the secondary level, it is necessary to determine the learning methodology that will be best for teaching the required skills. This decision will be based on two different factors: First, students with autism have varying degrees of difficulty with communication, from severe (little to no interaction) to mild (the ability to receive information and provide a response or feedback). In order to teach reading to such a student, it is necessary that there appears to be an interest in labels, letters and words, as well as enough ability and skill level to look at these materials. Once a student recognizes that groups of letters form words that have meaning, and groups of words form sentences that have meaning, it is possible to move to beginning reading material. (Porco, 1989, p. 4)."
Abstract The paper explains that there are numerous treatment options available to treat autistic disorder, but it is important that parents and caregivers are informed and knowledgeable before choosing a therapy. The paper emphasizes that the treatments must be empirically and scientifically grounded.The paper also discusses a variety of treatments and gives their advantages and disadvantages.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychotherapy
Empirically based research
Behavior Therapies
Adlerian view of ABA Pivotal Response Treatment
Facilitated Communication Training
Video modeling of social skills
Leap
Floortime DIR
Opposition to behavioral therapies
Conclusion
From the Paper "Despite their proven scientific effectiveness, behavior therapies have still suffered much criticism from autistic adults, parents of autistic children, and professionals in the field. The Autism Rights Movement (ARM) is one such group. Followers of this social movement advocate a greater acceptance of autistic behaviors, and object to the use of behavior therapies to extinguish harmless behaviors simply because they are seen as unusual in society. Supporters of the ARM offer a theory of neurodiversity, the idea that autism is simply a variation in functioning that does not need to be cured. Instead of changing autistic people to suit the demands placed on them by society, neurodiversity requests that society become more tolerant of their eccentricities and accommodating to their needs."
Tags: autism, empirical, scientific, psychotherapy, commmunication, training
