Abstract
This paper addresses five questions from the views of classic philosophers. Human nature and human advantages can be investigated according to the theories of various philosophers, yet in many respects the views of a specific philosopher can best be used to define and describe a particular circumstance. This paper first presents the five questions and then addresses these questions according to the two theories that best suit that given circumstance.

Tags:PHILOSOPHY / COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY, five question philosophers

Abstract
This paper explains that Booker T. Washington, living in the South that still had not come to term with race equality, realized that he needed the support of the white majority to provide education and support for black causes. The author points out that, on the other hand, W. E. B. du Bois, living in the liberal North, wanted to see an America with social equality where individuals would be rewarded according to their merits not their color. The paper states that, in recent terminology, Washington's philosophy can be said to advocate apartheid; whereas, du Bois was the predecessor of the philosophy of Martin Luther King.

From the Paper
"When Washington complained of inequality he presented its effect not upon the black Americans but upon whites. If white southerners saw no reason for higher education for black Americans, Washington agreed. If southerners opposed voting for blacks, Washington went along and opposed it 'for present'. His views would certainly be
considered 'pathetic' by today's black Americans. Even in his own time, black activist Henry Turner declared "will have to live a long time to undo the harm he has done our race.""

Tags:institutions, improvement, king, apartheid, practical

Abstract
This paper advances the argument that the colors we consciously experience are not the same as whatever colors may exist in the external world/ This means that even if color is a real physical property of things in the world, the colors objects "actually" have are not the same as the colors we experience them as having. This is not to say that things we see as being red may actually be blue, but rather that red, blue, and all of the other colors that comprise human color experience do not exist outside of that experience, regardless of whether there is an objective property of color in the world. This paper uses considerations put forward by George Berkeley and John Locke as well as current philosophers, neuroscientists and physicists. It approaches the topic from both a scientific standpoint as well as a philosophical one, though more emphasis is put on the latter.

From the Paper
"Berkeley simply extends this argument to additionally cover Locke's primary qualities, which he argues are likewise only known to us through our senses and perceptions. If colors, smells, tastes, etc., do not exist objectively in the world because they are not independent of the senses, then, by Berkeley's reasoning, nothing can exist independently of perception because our knowledge of everything in the world " including the primary qualities, which are the basic entities of all objects " also stems entirely from our senses. Berkeley's argument is largely based on the false reasoning that physical things in the world could not possible cause ideas in us , so his conclusion is easy to shrug off. But there is something very intriguing in the points he makes leading up to that misstep: We are indeed limited in our knowledge of the world by our inability to observe external things independent of our senses."

Tags:byrne, dretske, externalism, hardin, metamerism

Abstract
This paper discusses the science of philosophy and how some of the great philosophers such as Socrates transformed aspects of philosophy. The paper specifically examines two of the conflicting theories--existentialism and pragmatism. Foundations for both ideals are presented, along with some notions that surrounded these contradicting methods. The paper concludes with an evaluative argument as to the closest philosophical solution.

From the Paper
"For philosophy to be considered as elevated thought, it must first look to answer age-old questions, and continue to seek higher consciousness. With the ideas of both existentialism and pragmatism, however, higher consciousness is seemingly justified by facts, and the reality that this world presents in day-to-day life. Here, individuals longing for the truth should look no further than a factual representation of the transactions occurring, of themselves in the case of existentialism. These two notions reject a majority of the ancient Western philosophical ideas, and create an environment where truth can be explained, or present perception of truth as the finite understanding of what truth should be."

Tags:consciousness, perception, empiricism

Abstract
This paper examines Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's conflicting views of human understanding and how they have influenced political ideology in terms of social order, economics, and the role of government. The writer describes how both men constructed their philosophies on the basis of their understanding of the nature of man, and explains what they have in common as well as where they differ radically. The writer explains that thanks to Hobbes and Locke, we now have certain necessary standards with regard to government, economics, and social order. Their aspirations for the appropriate government, economy, and society have given birth to several ideologies, the significant two being liberalism, from Locke's concept of human morality, and conservatism, from Hobbes' view that human rationality cannot be relied upon.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, the dissimilar natures of man allowed the philosophers to establish altering concepts on the authority of the state. Hobbes views government with unlimited power as the most effective and beneficial method for society since man is vulnerable to evil since he seeks pleasure before rationality. Locke, on the other hand, believes that a legitimate government constitutes a state working within the limits of the social contract, meaning that its sole purpose is simply to safeguard man's natural rights. These perceptions of human nature gave birth to two main ideologies, liberalism and conservatism, both containing one of the philosopher's views on society, economy, and government."

Tags:beneficial, rights, property, voluntary, individual, liberal, conservative, character

Abstract
This paper reviews the contents of Immanuel Kant's "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?" and Gotthold Lessing's "Ernst and Falk, Dialogues for Freemasons". The paper explores the similarities and differences between the two essays and points out that, although the two essays share a fundamental similarity, in that both authors believe in advocating for a better society, they differ in their views about the extent and method of this betterment.

From the Paper
"Further, both the authors recognize the importance of a few enlightened members of society spreading their thoughts to others. In adding to their numbers, the Freemasons do not hold loud membership rallies, but consider new members through conversation - as Falk is doing with Ernst. In this way they are able to feel out if a potential has the right character to be a true Freemason, rather than merely a rote repeater of the accepted dogma. Kant's enlightened men publish their works correctly in their public life and gather to them other like-minded thinkers."

Tags:enrichment dissenting, intellectual autonomy, prejudice government

Abstract
This paper reviews the philosophical method of inquiry into ideas and demonstrates that it is possible for two philosophical conclusions that differ to be drawn from one philosophical question. However, the paper then proceeds to demonstrate that these different solutions may not be qualitatively the same because of the manner in which the philosopher utilized the ideas of logic, reason, critical thinking and analytical thinking.

Tags:truth, philosophy, logic

Abstract
The paper discusses the Sunrise Model that is meant as a conceptual research guide that identifies the factors which influence people's care and well-being. The paper explains that according to Leininger and McFarland (2002), the model enables a total picture to be achieved of people in their lifeworld or culture. There are seven influencing factors in the model, and the one that is chosen for this paper is religious and philosophical factors. This influencing factor is applied to two cultures, the Arab Muslim culture and the Gadsup of New Guinea.

From the Paper
"The Sunrise Model is meant as a conceptual research guide that identifies the factors which influence people's care and well-being. According to Leininger and McFarland (2002), the model enables a total picture to be achieved of people in their lifeworld or culture. There are seven influencing factors in the model, and the one that is chosen for this paper is religious and philosophical factors. This influencing factor will be applied to two cultures, the Arab Muslim culture and the Gadsup of New Guinea. The religious and philosophical factors can be used with extremely..."

Tags:culture, care, assessment

Abstract
The paper makes the argument that Fascism experienced a limited reign in Italy and Germany and was a phenomenon limited to the period revolving around the two World Wars. The complex origins of each "brand" of fascism, their disparate foundations, the philosophical / practical differences and the elements of their mutual and simultaneous downfall are explored in detail.

Abstract
This paper examines the reality of suicide. The author relates that the two philosophers Albert Camus and Arthur Schopenhauer explain the philosophy of suicide through the concepts of human absurdity, the naturalness of pain and suffering and an inability to give meaning to life. The paper points out that both Camus and Schopenhauer argue that the act of suicide is a natural response to an inability to cope with a society that simply does not make sense. However, Camus' emphasis on the absurdity found in human life and how this absurdity prevents an individual from finding meaning in life makes his theory more complete than the more foundational theory of Schopenhauer.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Act
The Philosophy
Philosophy Era
The Philosophy of Camus and Schopenchauer: Existentialism
Thesis Statement
The Philosophers of Suicide
Argument One: The Absurd
Camus
Schopenchauer
Argument Two: The Pain of Human Existence
Camus
Schopenhauer
Argument Three: Lack of Meaning in Life
Camus
Schopenchauer
Personal Reflection
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Camus further argues that pain and suffering are a natural part of the human existence. In his The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus outlines the fact of pain and suffering. In the story the Greek mythological character of Sisyphus is condemned to repeat forever the same meaningless task of pushing a rock up a mountain, only to see it roll down again. Although Sisyphus suffers a life of constant pain and suffering caused by his task, Camus states, "The struggle itself is enough to fill a man's heart" thus "One must imagine Sisyphus happy.""

Tags:triggers, foundational, absurdity, meaningless, pain