Abstract This paper discusses the 2001 State labor legislation with regard to equal pay and compensation discrimination. It discusses what was included in the new legislation, as well as what was excluded. The paper particularly discusses discrimination issues related to pregnancy, age, gender, race and social networks. The paper also discusses issues related to performance and rewards.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
According to Gender
Equal Pay Act of 1963 Pregnancy Discrimination
According to Race
According to Social Networks
According to Age
According to Corporate Culture
According to Performance and Rewards
Conclusion
From the Paper "EPA provides protection to employees of the opposite sex who work within the same organization (Bland 1999). EPA applies to an employer who has two or more employees and who is subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act or FLSA. Employees may sue managers or supervisors who exercise control over them. They are, thus, considered "employers." EPA recognizes exemptions to its rule. These are unequal skills, unequal effort, unequal responsibility, dissimilar working conditions and differences in seniority and merit systems. The courts also recognize legitimate grounds for pay inequity. These are longevity or service; disciplinary action, such as demotion. The courts, however, prohibit unequal pay to male and female employees when the pay is based on the employee's previous pay; on account of the average cost of employing workers of one gender as greater than of the opposite; and when based solely on the grounds that the employees worked on different shifts (Bland)."
This paper examines the social, moral and ethical merits of stem cell research, as well the ongoing political debate regarding the funding for continued research in this controversial field of science.
Abstract This paper defines stem cells as primal undifferentiated cells which retain the ability to separate into other cell types which can be used as a repair mechanism to reproduce cells and repair systems in the body. The writer examines the negative side of stem cell research contending that there is evidence which states that the impact of this type of research on the human immune system as well as overall genetic growth will eventually decline. This paper also discusses the moral and ethical merits of stem cell research which is currently rife with controversy. Politics plays a large role in stem cell development, mainly due to funding. The writer contends that stem cells are too dangerous to be carelessly used and applied to the human race, while its continued research might be slightly beneficial, in the current stage the harms far outweigh the benefits.
From the Paper "The first step in analyzing the effects of stem cell research is through the scientific perspective. Stem cell research is important for the advancement of science because of its ability to replicate exact copies of different cells. Stem cells are obtained from a clone of the specific patient's cells, and thus have a genetically identical fit with a stem cell. This cell then has the ability to produce either missing tissue, or even an entire organ that will allow the patient to function as normal. Unlike transplants within the body that could be rejected by the immune system if there is a possibility of incompatibility, the stem cell created organ is a perfect construction of the body's organ and thus will be accepted as the original inside the patient's body. This is why stem cell research is so highly touted, it allows for a new frontier of technology in the health sciences industry."
Abstract This paper explains that the ethical dilemma involved in stem cell research is a rather straight- forward process because to achieve its full potential this type of research requires using stem cells from fetuses. The author points out that using stem cells from fetuses is controversial for a variety of reasons. The paper relates that many religious and political conservatives believe that stem cell researchers "harvest babies" for their stem cells.
From the Paper "Identifying the ethical dilemma involved in stem cell research is a rather straight- forward process, for to achieve its full potential this type of research requires using stem cells from fetuses. Doing so is controversial for a variety of reasons, and the moral dilemma involved with this issue is compounded by the fact that many of these reasons are as controversial as stem cell research itself. For example, many religious and political conservatives believe that stem cell researchers "harvest babies" for their stem cells. As Snow (2004) notes, they believe that fetuses have an inviolable right to life and that any medical use of a fetus in any form is morally indefensible."
Abstract This paper focuses on the subject of embryonic stem cell research. The paper discusses the process of obtaining embryonic stem cells, how those stem cells are used and the medical breakthroughs that embryonic stem cell research hopes to provide in curing many illnesses. The paper further discusses the differences in adult and embryonic stem cell research, the debates on both issues and speaks of the future of the research.
From the Paper "Beyond the moral, ethical and political debates that have surrounded embryonic stem cell research, many scientific processes are involved in its use. The modern misconception is that embryos used in stem cell research are obtained from a woman's body. According to the National Institutes of Health ("Stem Cell" 1) embryos used in stem cell research are never taken from a woman's body for the explicit use of laboratory testing. The embryos that are used in research are obtained in one of two methods: The first method is by collecting eggs that have been fertilized in vitro from donors who volunteer their use in research; the second method is through donations of the embryos of women who have elected to have abortions, ("Stem Cell" 1). The embryo is collected following the abortion procedure; therefore, it is not science that determines that a pregnancy will come to an end."
Abstract The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.
From the Paper "Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."
Abstract This paper discusses the history of stem cell research, from its beginning with the first culture of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 to the present. The paper explains what stem cells are and how they work. The paper also outlines current research and hopes for the field in the future. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the ethical issues involved in stem cell research, and includes the personal opinions of the author on the subject.
From the Paper "Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells, which are undifferentiated and therefore can differentiate into all the different cell types of the human body. They can also be coached into differentiating into particular cell types such as beating heart..."
Abstract In this paper, the author cites reasons for embryonic stem cell research to be practiced in the United States. The author points out the benefits of stem cell research in curing serious illnesses and conditions. Also discussed are the positive outcomes of stem cell procedures in other countries. The author concludes that the US government's decision not to pursue stem cell research hinders progress in medical research.
From the Paper "Embryonic stem cell research is the research of cells extracted from the embryonic stem to be manipulated into specialized cells. Stem cells can be acquired from embryos and still born fetuses. Today, scientists hope that embryonic stem cells can cure many serious diseases that plague our world. This has convinced me that this type of stem cell research should be allowed in the United States."
Abstract This paper provides a rhetorical analysis of Steven Milloy's article "Ron Reagan Wrong on Stem Cells". The paper explores the motivation behind the article as well as the issues surrounding stem cells research, both as a political issue and a philosophical one. The paper relates that Milloy's basic premise is simply that what Ron Reagan described as a sure-fire cure that would "magically" save the lives of our children and our aging parents was more of a "pipe dream." The paper then states that stem cells research is far from being even in the developmental stages and a cure for debilitating disease is a long way off. The paper also states that Milloy's article hints at the possible moral dilemma that comes from using stem cells from an embryo, resulting in the embryo's destruction, and that of a human life.
From the Paper "Then why is this issue so contentious? Is seems a no-brainer that any medical advances that will provide such certain cures for disease that researchers have been studying for decades with no hope for a cure in sight would be made possible through research in stem cells. Certainly, every effort should be made to finance such research, irrespective of whether the money comes from tax payer funded government initiatives or from private, for-profit organizations. Milloy debunks the notion that such cures are just a few years away."
Abstract This paper looks at the ramifications of the 1998 breakthrough in biotechnology when scientists were able to first isolate individual stem cells. The author looks at the history of biotechnology that led up to this breakthrough,and what this breakthrough means for modern science. It examines the bio-ethical issues that are affected by this breakthrough. The debate surrounding the use of embryonic cells, as opposed to adult stem cells for research is detailed. The author also looks at several areas where stem cell research could improve the lives of people life-threatening genetic diseases, or spinal cord injuries.
From the Paper "These astounding cell therapies are possible because embryonic stem cells have a remarkable power to unlock the secrets of human genetics as well as heal various diseases as they are pluripotent cells, or cells that have the capacity to proliferate and give rise to almost all of the specialized cell tissues in the human body. (The exception is that stem cells are unable to form placental and other uterine tissue necessary for the creation of a total human embryo.) This means that stem cells hold the incipient or rudimentary power to develop into all the biological tissues that create human life."
Abstract This paper is a review of an article in Scientific American.com entitled "The Future of Stem Cells". The paper analyzes and summarizes the article's content. The paper concludes with the author's opinion of stem cell research.
From the Paper "Stem cell research is one of the major controversial issues in science at this time, with differing opinions around the globe on how far it should go, what limitations should be put on the research and its uses, and who should fund the research. What makes it so..."
Abstract This paper summarizes a journal article on stem cell research. The article explores attitudes toward stem cell research and the use of fetal tissue. The author of this paper argues that benefits of stem cell research outweigh the dangers.
From the Paper "A collaborative volume of articles and information on stem cells was published by the Financial Times and Scientific American. The editors present information on the current and future state of stem cell research technology..."
Abstract Embryonic stem cell research holds the promise for many formerly untreatable diseases and disorder; however it is an area of medicine that is highly controversial. This paper discusses the bioethics of embryonic stem cell research and use discussing stem cell use in general, the present climate surrounding the ethics, the dilemmas involved, factors that influence the topic and a recommended solution.
From the Paper "Stem cell research and use falls into two categories: adult stem cell research and use that utilizes hematopoietic stem cells that are found in teeth, bone marrow and other select locations in the body (Man, 2005) and embryonic stem cell research and use. There is significantly less controversy surrounding the use of adult stem cells, however their use is significantly more limited than embryonic stem cells (Man, 2005). As a result, this paper will focus on the bioethics surrounding the research and use of embryonic stem cells which are..."
Abstract This paper briefly answers questions about stem cell research, cloning and the ethics involved. The paper briefly outlines some of the basic concepts and processes involved in stem cell research, how embryos are harvested, what other types of non-embryonic stem cell research is available and looks at some of the ethical questions raised by using embryos.
From the Paper "Stems cells are cells in animals that have the potential to grow into any one of the hundreds of different kinds of cells in the body (Perrone). The cells of a fertilized animal embryo at a specific gestation point a few days into the life cycle are entirely made of stem cells, and it is these cells that are desired by scientists and researchers to help solve major medical problems ("Cloning;" Daley). The cells contain the proper qualities as well as the DNA that allow them to grow into anything that exists within that animal's body, whether it is teeth or skin or lung tissue (Perrone)."
This paper examines the controversial issue of stem cell transplantation and considers the views regarding the use of stem cells along with the debate that is currently in process.
Abstract This essay discusses the pros and cons of stem transplantation by using rational examination of ideas based on logic and current research rather than emotion. Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum is also used in order to give a basis to the theological arguments.
From the Paper ?The use of human material for extermination is very emotive subject. There are many personal feelings that surround the issues which, are complicated by social conditioning, religious beliefs and personal or societal needs and the personal moral framework. In many countries one of the debates that is currently raging is the use of human stem cells for research.In Germany there is research going ahead, but with imported stem cells and against the wishes of the Green Party and the National Ethics Council, in the United States there is disapproval of the research, and in the United Kingdom the research is approved for the purposes of finding cures for serious currently incurable conditions such as Parkinson's and diabetes."
Abstract This paper briefly describes embryonic stem cells and claims about the benefits of research. It summarizes findings and significance of these discoveries with regard to medicine and disease. It also discusses alternatives such as adult stem cell research.
From the Paper " Landza, Thomas, Thomson, Pederson and Gearhart report that embryonic stem cells consist of stem cells obtained by fusing a patient's cell with an enucleated egg cell thereby forming an embryo. This ..."
