This paper discuses two Chinese media articles about the agricultural situation in 1960 as examples of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) use of propaganda.
Abstract This paper explains that, until the 1970s, sinologists and others studied the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media for clues as to what might be occurring in Mainland China of which there was much conjecture. The author compares the reports from two 1960 CCP media releases, which were prepared for the national Chinese audience by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with what is now known about the terrible Communist planning error in the agricultural sector during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that all media materials from Beijing were expected to be propaganda; therefore, the Chinese public became adept at discerning what really might be happening. The author stresses that this reflective habit is still practiced in the PRC, despite much liberalization of the mass media.
Table of Contents
Introduction
'Go to the First Line of Agriculture!'
'Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates Enthusiasm of the CCP'
Mao's Famine
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper "The article seems to fit with a great deal that appeared through the month of September 1960 to do with agricultural gains, work still to be done, the potential for China to become a kind of agrarian paradise, and general applause for the rural laborer. In the article discussed, rural toil is said to be very good for cadres who may still be bureaucrats or people otherwise not yet exposed to the soil. Readers in the cities, or for that matter in Hong Kong or Taiwan or wherever else refugees from the Communist state had fled, had reason to wonder what was meant by the "transfer of large numbers of cadres ..."
Abstract Authoritarian regimes are notorious for using the media as a means by which they can inculcate regime-friendly values while simultaneously discrediting adversaries at home and abroad. This paper examines the Chinese government's use of the media as a propaganda tool, pointing out that while its manipulation of the media may be more subtle than many of the repressive regimes which have preceded it or which exist contemporaneously with it, the fact remains that the power brokers in Beijing have been very quick to control the kind of news which reaches the eyes, ears and ultimately minds of Chinese citizens.
Abstract This paper discusses the similarities and differences between propaganda and advertising. It presents two contrasting models and many examples to show these similarities and differences. The paper concludes by claiming that although propaganda is different from advertising, advertising is not different from propaganda.
Outline:
Model or Paradigm Case
Contrary or Opposite Case
Borderline Case
Related Concept
Invented or Imaginary Case
Social Context
Practical Results
Results in Language
Interior Dialogue
Essay Outline
From the Paper "Does propaganda depend on one's intent? To what extent is an aim of merely making people aware of something separate from other aims such as trying to get them to change their behavior, or their attitudes? This is a good related concept, because it shares features of advertising and some of the tools of propaganda, but can be done without any intent to change people. It changes the absolute nature of the concepts, and makes on question whether awareness isn't, in itself, a changed state of being--that could possibly change one's perceptions or future behavior, regardless of the intent of the publicist or PR professional's intention."
Abstract This paper examines propaganda in France after its surrender under the Vichy regime of Petain. It provides great historical details aided with maps and visual examples. The paper argues that contrary to common belief pro-Nazi propaganda in France was not imposed but initiated by the Vichy regime itself.
From the Paper "In the process of researching the topic I chose for my paper ?Nazi Propaganda in France.? I discovered that a more appropriate title would be "Propaganda in France during the Second World War", in light of the fact that alongside the Nazis, the occupation government of Vichy worked so fervently to arrive at a parallel goal: to control the population through propaganda."
Tags: france, nazi, propaganda, vichy, war, wwii, world, war, ii, germany
Abstract This paper presents a largely personal perspective on propaganda initiatives. The paper discusses the potential valid or invalid use of propaganda by regimes in an attempt to gain public support for state policy and actions.
From the Paper "In his book "Propaganda", American-style Noam Chomsky refers to Walter Lippmann's description using communication to shape opinion in others. Lippmann said that the art of democracy requires what he called the 'manufacture of consent'. This phrase is an Orwellian..."
A paper describing the propaganda role the media has played in the past during times of war and the likelihood of it continuing to play that role during times of war in the present era.
Abstract This paper attempts to investigate if the Western media would willingly co-operate as an instrument of propaganda in time of war by examining the attitude of the media in the recent conflicts such as those of Iraq, Yugoslavia and the Falklands. Various views presented in literature are considered along with the prominent opinions that have been presented in order to attempt to reach a conclusion.
Introduction
The Military and the Media in Times of War
Media Bias in Recent History of Wars
Conclusion
From the Paper "The military denied permission to the media to accompany the Special Forces into Afghanistan and only 29 reporters were permitted to cover the Falkland conflict [Brown 2004]. The reporters covering the Falkland conflict became very friendly with the troops as a result of living together and sharing the facilities as well as the dangers and very favourable reports were presented to the audience even when things went wrong because they were 'our boys' fighting 'our enemies' and this is quite natural in any war [Seppala 2003]. Hence, the presence of 'neutral reports' in a war can do much to enhance the standard of reporting, but even these neutral reporters can be subjected to censorship, information manipulation and denial of cooperation. Even the neutral reporters will not be liked and believed by all. Enlightened generals do understand the requirements to have the media on their side because reporting on the conduct of war can influence key decisions about the war that are made by politicians [Boje 2002]."
Abstract A paper discussing the tactics of persuasion and propaganda as they relate to American democracy and notions of citizenship. The paper examines the extent to which the political establishment should go in order to secure the good opinion of the public to gain or retain office.
From the Paper "Doesn't the saying go 'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder'? In other words Perspective is everything. In the context of government of a democratic nation then public opinion that is the perspective of the beholder is the most prized possession. So to what extent should the political establishment go in order to secure the good opinion of the public, indeed the majority, so as to gain or retain office? Where in democracy does the power ..."
Abstract In this article the theories of Noam Chomsky and Kathleen Jamieson are used to examine propaganda and the media. The writer looks at Jamieson's view of media manipulation. The writer also discusses Chomsky's view of civic democracy and the right to meaningful participation.
From the Paper "Noam Chomsky proposes two alternative views of civic democracy in which on the one hand the public is perceived as having the right to meaningful participation in the management of their own affairs and the means of information are open and free and on the other hand a view holding that the public must be barred from such activities and the means of information must be kept narrowly and rigidly controlled. Kathleen Jamieson argues that while the media in a democracy is a source of ... "
Abstract This paper relates that the article written by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman on media propaganda suggests that the elitists control the mass media; therefore, newspaper and magazines is skewed. The author points out that Chomsky and Herman claim that all media outlets are subject to elitist opinions and agendas. The paper cites that Chomsky accuses journalists of manipulating the truth in an effort to promote the interests of the media owners and conglomerates.
From the Paper "Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman designed the "propaganda model" in an effort to explain the role of the mass media and its' corruption. The authors suggest that the media, including newspapers, radio, and television, is controlled by the elite particularly in democratic societies. Many people assume that media control is more typical in dictatorship societies, however Chomsky and Herman believe otherwise. They claim that the purpose of the media is to provide the public with information and entertainment. The authors also suggest that the media influences society's norms, values, codes of behavior, and beliefs."
This paper discusses both positive and negative depictions of the US military in films and looks at how the military has made use of some of these films as a propaganda tool.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, 2006, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper discusses the military's use of film as a propaganda tool. The films that examined in the paper are "Battlefield" and "The Manchurian Candidate". Other topics discussed include the Cold War and the use of ideology.
From the Paper "Depictions of the US Military in film have varied considerably over the years. Some films portray the US Military as a negative force that is being used to repress the average citizen. Others portray the US Military in a very positive light by suggesting that they are the average citizen's last defense against hostile nations. Although both depictions can be found in films from any year there are definitely patterns in the proportions of the depictions. In certain time periods the negative depictions of the US Military will outnumber the positive ones. In other time periods the positive depictions..."
Abstract The paper discusses the Chinese market which is rapidly changing in light of the increasingly global market place. The paper states that the economic boom in China's urban areas is creating a new consumer culture where the consumer has more disposable income, which has affected consumer preferences within the Chinese marketplace. The paper states that the result is that a sophisticated Chinese consumer is emerging and foreign companies need to market to their sophisticated needs, while at the same time marketing to the general population's needs. The paper states that the most effective way for a company to build a strong brand name in the rapidly emerging Chinese market is to adapt itself to the rapidly changing Chinese culture. The paper concludes that despite the numerous challenges that the Chinese market presents, a company can be successful if it spends the time and resources necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the local culture and the Chinese consumer's attitudes and thus becomes prepared to cope with the many unexpected intricacies of the Chinese marketplace.
Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Cultural Issues
Collective Society
Brand Perception
Language
Aesthetic Sense
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese people carry with them a strong aesthetic sense, based on their perceptions of nature. To the Chinese consumer, in general, images of the natural form are highly attractive. For example, mountains and animals are often used in association with brand names in order to create attractive brand imagery and visual displays. On the other hand, abstract symbols are not favored as they are inconsistent with the Chinese cultural preference for natural aesthetics. Further more, the marketer needs to understand that the Chinese people enjoy complicated forms and shapes and certain colors. For example, the color red is seen as being the most cheerful color and thus can be successfully used to attract people's attention. Another example is the Chinese preference for peaceful imagery, largely a result of the influence of such religions as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. When a company is designing a strategy for marketing their brand in the Chinese marketplace, all of these aesthetic considerations must be made. Therefore, it is important to use specific colors and imagery in order to strengthen the brand's market presence and thus increase overall company profits."
Abstract Most Japanese that grew up after the 1970s are not even aware of the struggles that were experienced before them. The same can be said for the study of post-war Japanese history. The lion's share of research has been on the Japanese economic 'miracle', and relatively little has been mentioned of the post war hardships. This paper marks an effort to shift this balance. It will explore the so-called Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 between the US and Japan and pay particular attention to the social effects on Japan. To provide an understanding of the situation the origins of the crisis will be elaborated. Here, in addition to the domestic situation in Japan, the entire international scene must be looked at, as this was a critical time in the unfolding of the cold war. After setting this stage, the remainder of the paper will focus on the impact and importance of the crisis and the longer-term effects on Japan.
Abstract This paper discusses sports in the 1960's. Citing the examples set by Presidents Kennedy, Nixon, and Eisenhower, the entire world of sports in America is examined, including the Olympics, the affect of racism, the major historical issues of the time and how they affected sports, the growth in popularity of professional sports, and the role of the television and radio.
Tags: SPORTS / POLITICAL ISSUES (INTERNATIONAL, OLYMPICS, DRUG TESTING), sports in 1960's
Abstract The following paper examines the cultural transformation that gripped Western and particularly American society during the 1960s. Chiefly, the paper examines the iconoclasm of the decade, the reaction against the "military-industrial" establishment, and the changing sexual roles and attitudes of the period. In closing, the paper suggests that the decade was a testament to the vibrancy of American culture.
From the Paper "More so than any other decade of the twentieth century, he 1960s changed Western European and American society. From a loosening of moral strictures to anti-war protests to a re-definition of how American young people saw themselves in relationship to their government, the decade ushered in a new age and a new youth movement. The following paper will argue that the Sixties (particularly in America) was characterized by a transformation in sexual behavior, family and race relationships, attitudes towards authority, ideals and values. It was not an economic or political revolution, per se, but a cultural one (a seismic shift in attitude above all else) that touched all areas of American life. "
Abstract This paper explores the relationship between Chinese religious, philosophical and political ideas as they have impacted Chinese music. It discusses Buddhist, Daoist and Communist thinking as it affected the composition and performance of Chinese Music. The paper addresses archaeological finds, the influence of yin and yang and Chinese ideas of harmony and pitch.
