Abstract
This paper explains that William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain were given the 1956 Nobel prize winners in physics for their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect, which started the development of presnet-day communications. The author points out that William Shockley's speech at the giving of the Nobel Prize stressed that some important segments of United States industry, such as Bell Laboratories from where two of the three Nobel Laureates came, believed in the theory that research of a fundamental character is important from a practical aspect. The paper describes the process of research that led to these discoveries.

From the Paper
"In his own life, he had been asked many times whether the experiment that he had planned was pure or applied research. At the same time, for the research scientist it was probably more important to know whether the particular piece of research will provide some more useful and lasting knowledge about nature. According to his opinion, if any such knowledge was possible, then the particular research should be classified as fundamental research and it did not matter whether the reasons for undertaking the research was purely personal motivation or with any other view."

Tags:invention, silicon-valley, semiconductors, transistor

Abstract
The paper discusses the background to the awarding of Nobel prizes and the manner in which the selection is made. The paper then turns to the specific award made to the winner of the Nobel prize in physics in 1962, Lev Davidovich and continues with a discussion of his life story. The paper discusses his many awards and achievements culminating in the establishment in 1965 of the The L.D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia.

Outline:
Introduction
Lev Davidovich Landau
The Landau Institute

From the Paper
"Eventually, the names are weeded out through a selection process until a winner is selected. While this might seem like a long and arduous process, Alfred Nobel himself had insisted on this type of process (Dorozynski, 1965). He believed it was part of what made the prize important (Dorozynski, 1965). Despite this kind of selection criteria, however, over the many years that the prizes have been awarded some people have been omitted that others think should not have been. In addition, some of the people that have won awards have also been argued against by others in the same discipline."

Tags:economics, annual, ceremony, to, nominate, candidates

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief examination of the life and accomplishments of Alfred North Whitehead. The paper then goes on to describe the three elements, according to Whitehead, that play a vital role in the intellectual and ethical evolution of humanity. The paper also defines Whitehead's theory of noble discontent and its three internal related aspects. Each of Whitehead's three essential elements to humanity's evolution are then discussed and analyzed in detail.

From the Paper
"According to the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead there are three terms that play a vital role in the intellectual and ethical evolution of humanity. Whitehead argues that without these three elements the evolutionary process would not occur. The term "noble discontent" from Alfred North Whitehead's readings Adventure of Ideas is structured by, beauty, intelligence and duty. This paper will argue that Whitehead's notion of "noble discontent" is a key ingredient in the intellectual and ethical development of human society since it has driven man to a higher rational thinker."

Tags:philosophy math, alfred north whitehead, noble discontent

Abstract
The paper examines Bouchard's "Strong of Body, Brave & Noble: Chivalry & Society in Medieval France", and discusses the author's main thesis that traditional concepts of what constituted nobility in the medieval era were often misconstrued, and that to fully understand the concept of nobility of the period, one must understand more accurately the actual society of the period. The paper explains that her intent is to rewrite the traditional concept of nobility by reinvigorating the modern reader's pre-conceptions of the period.

From the Paper
"In Bouchard's "Strong of Body, Brave & Noble: Chivalry & Society in Medieval France", the author's main thesis is that traditional concepts of what constituted nobility in the medieval era were often misconstrued and that to fully understand the concept of nobility of the period, one must understand more accurately the actual society of the period. Her intent is to rewrite the traditional concept of nobility by reinvigorating the modern reader's pre-conceptions of the period."

Tags:bouchard, brave, noble

Abstract
This paper is an internal analysis of the world's largest bookseller, Barnes & Noble. It discusses the company's innovations in retailing. The author identifies factors that have contributed to the development of competitive advantage and success. It expands on the company's core competencies and value chain namely, its resources.

From the Paper
"Noble is the world's largest bookseller and describes itself as the only bookseller with a fully operational multi-channel strategy with retail locations from coast-to-coast and an online subsidiary. Barnes Noble ..."

Tags:Barnes & Noble, strategy, bookseller

Abstract
The following paper will look at phyllotaxis and its relationship to physics. Specifically, the next several pages will look at what phyllotaxis is, what it involves, and some of the important advances that have been made in recent years which aid our understanding of a natural phenomenon that has puzzled physicists, students of the natural sciences, and botanists for generations. Of especial note, the next several pages will look at the work of scholars like Stephane Douady and Yves Couder - and Hans Meinhardt and Andre Koch - and note how the actions of "diffusion" and "reaction" (concepts which appear more than once in the realm of physics) play an inestimable role in explaining why phyllotaxis occurs in the manner it does. In particular, Douady and Couder provide novice students with an exceptionally lucid and instructive discussion of how "repulsion" actually makes phyllotaxis possible. In the end, while many things about phyllotaxis remain to be learned, one thing that is now beyond dispute is the relationship of physics to this arresting feature of the natural world.

From the Paper
Phyllotaxis: It's Relationship to Physics The following paper will look at phyllotaxis and its relationship to physics. Specifically, the next several pages will look at what phyllotaxis is, what it involves, and some of the important advances that have been made in recent years which aid our understanding of a natural phenomenon that has puzzled physicists, students of the natural sciences, and botanists for generations. Of especial note, the next several pages will look at the work of scholars like Stephane Douady and Yves Couder - and Hans Meinhardt and Andre Koch - and note how the actions of "diffusion" and "reaction" (concepts which appear more than once in the

Tags:phyllotaxis, relationship, physics

Abstract
This paper is an essay about the physics of golf. The general approach of the paper is to consider the three fundamental aspects of the game of golf. The first part deals with the physics involved in the equipment. The second part looks at the swing. The third part looks at the course.

From the Paper
"When most people think about sports the last thing they are thinking about is physics. However, sports of all types are dependent on physics. Learning the physics involved in a sport can lead to improved performance. This essay will look at the physics of golf. It will demonstrate how fundamental concepts in physics can be seen in every aspect of golf from the equipment to the way the game is played. Learning about the physics of golf may even lead to improvements in your golf game. To begin this discussion it is necessary to look at the physics of golf balls. Many people would think that all golf balls are the same."

Tags:physics, of, golf

Abstract
For non-physics types, the forces at work keeping a plane in the air can be daunting to understand. Still a basic synopsis can be achieved vis-a-vis detailing how things truly occur when a jetliner is in the air hurtling towards some far-off destination. Over the next several pages, the physics of flying will be detailed, with specific attention being paid to the long-standing controversy over or not the age-old "Bernouelli Principle" is what enables aircraft to stay in the air - or whether or not something entirely different is at work. In particular, I will briefly highlight how something known as the "Coanda Effect" appears to offer a better explanation for the functioning of wings while in flight. Ultimately, what will emerge from this essay is an appreciation for how the simple act of flying - something so commonplace in our contemporary, twenty-first century society - is made possible by a complex confluence of forces.

From the Paper
The Physics of Flying - or Why Airplanes Take Flight For non-physics types, the forces at work keeping a plane in the air can be daunting to understand. Still a basic synopsis can be achieved vis-a-vis detailing how things truly occur when a jetliner is in the air hurtling towards some far-off destination. Over the next several pages, the physics of flying will be detailed, with specific attention being paid to the long-standing controversy over or not the age-old "Bernouelli Principle" is what enables aircraft to stay in the air - or whether or not something entirely different is at work. In particular, I will briefly highlight how something known as the "Coanda Effect" appears to offer a

Tags:airplanes, flight, physics

Abstract
The baseball is a game that has become a science to many. From the phenomena of a curve ball to the excitement of a home run physical science plays a factor. This paper explains that in baseball there is more to the game than what the ordinary fan sees, however, many scientists have spent time studying this extraordinary game. This paper looks at the physics behind hitting and pitching.

From the Paper
"In order to be successful in the game of baseball, a baseball player has to apply the laws of physics. There is more to the game than what people see. "Baseball is like church, many attend but few understand" said Wes Westrum, who coached the San Francisco Giants in 1962. A position player has to position himself according to the wind, the speed of the pitch being thrown, the type of pitch being thrown, the placement of the pitch, and the speed of the batter's swing. While a pitcher takes into account the humidity and the way the wind is blowing to determine the best way to put the batter out. All players rely on their quick reflexes and hand eye coordination to play our nation's pastime. In this brief essay I will discuss how the laws of physics apply to the game of baseball."

Tags:baseball, physics

Abstract
This paper introduces and explains several theories in physics, such as the M theory, string theory, quantum mechanics, and general relativity theory. It presents them in layman's terms and explains how these theories all work (or don't work) together.

From the Paper
"Quantum mechanics or the quantum field theory has worked well to describe the known behaviors and properties of particles of the Planck length or very small particles. General Relativity works with large objects like planets and galaxies. However the theories only works when one of the two theories can be neglected. General relativity has explained a lot about the universe, the evolution of stars, the orbits of planets, and best-known theory "the Big Bang". It also shows how black holes and gravitational forces work. However, the General relativity theory only works on its own and when we think of the universe in traditional matter because of the fact that quantum mechanics dose not comply the description of General Relativity. The two work well to explain the theories they were set up to explain however the do not work together. String theory was then conceived to explain the how Quantum Mechanics, the really small stuff, and General Relativity, the really large stuff, works together."

Tags:einstein, field, general, mechanics, physics, quantum, relativity, string, theoretical, theory, unified