Abstract
According to The Library of Congress, "the 14th Amendment greatly expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment." A major part of the Amendment that coincides with the court case Gideon vs. Wainwright is the equal protection of laws within the jurisdiction of the states. In light of "Gideon's Trumpet," this paper explores the book's treatment of Gideon vs. Wainwright and how it influenced and defined judicial interpretation of the 14th Amendment.

From the Paper
"Clarence Gideon was no stranger to the law and the judicial system. He had been involved in numerous criminal activities and served several years in jail and prison for crimes such as burglary, robbery, larceny, theft, and drunkenness. After he was sentenced in Florida without having an attorney present in his court case, he felt mistreated and angry about the decision and decided to do something about it. He wrote several petitions to an FBI agent, the attorney general, and finally to the U.S. Supreme Court asking for an appeal of his case stating that he was not treated fairly because he was not appointed an attorney. The attorney general of Florida did not feel that Gideon had any "special circumstances" to justify an appointed attorney based on the previous case of Betts vs. Brady, but Chief Justice Earl Warren eventually accepted Gideon's petition for an appeal after Gideon wrote a letter back which stated, "...the question is very simple. I requested the court to appoint me an attorney and the court refused" (Gideon's Trumpet, pp 82). Gideon's petition went on to say that, "all countries try to give their citizens a fair trial and see to it that they have counsel" (MEIDC.org)."

Tags:constitution, law, amendment, supreme, court

Abstract
This paper explains that, after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that discrimination against African-Americans by private persons could be regarded as imposing slavery or involuntary servitude against them. The author describes the process that led to the creation and ratification of the 14th Amendment and outlines its powers. The author also presents Supreme Court cases and federal legislation based on this amendment, which supported anti-discrimination and the civil rights movement for not only African-Americans, but also all ethnic groups and new immigrants.

From the Paper
"However, the Great Depression could be viewed as an event which truly helped black Americans, for it became necessary for the federal government to provide many of the necessities for life to those who were either trapped in abject poverty or had lost their jobs as a result of the stock market crash of 1929. For example, the federal government and the Roosevelt Administration provided food, employment, housing, old age dependency and to some extend health benefits to all Americans, including African-Americans who had been the most hard-hit by the Great Depression which lasted from 1929 to roughly 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor."

Tags:suffragettes, brown v. board of education of topeka, dred scott, state immigrants

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Fourteenth Amendment was designed and legislated during the Presidency of Andrew Johnson. The paper discusses how this amendment, although intended to act as a linchpin for freedom and equality for all African-Americans after the Civil War, actually created consequential conditions which only aggravated the true plight of these courageous and often overlooked people. The paper focuses on the years 1866 to 1918.

From the Paper
"Following the appointment of Andrew Johnson as President of the United States on April 15, 1865, just one day after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, four states of the former Confederacy, namely, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Virginia, contained small groups of loyal men who had organized nominal state governments during the Civil War, all of which were recognized by Lincoln and then supported by Johnson. On May 29, 1865, Johnson appointed a provisional governor of North Carolina and told him to call a convention aimed at repealing the ordinance of secession and striking from the state constitution all references to slavery. Thus, with this simple process, President Johnson outlined identical plans for the reconstruction of the six remaining Confederate states."

Tags:slaves, legal, status, Republicans, congress, citizen

From the Paper
"The Constitution guarantees individual rights and liberties to every American. What most people probably do not know is that, while the Constitution is more than 200 years old, most individual civil rights date back only a little more than 50 years. Not until the 1950s did black Americans win the rights enjoyed by most all other citizens. Most of the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the constitution are included in the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the Constitution). The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. However, the Bill of Rights protected citizens against abuses by only the federal government. State governments could decide what limits they would place on free speech, trial by jury, or racial equality.

This began to change after the Civil War. In 1865, Congress drafted constitutional amendments that Southern states would have..."

Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of how the 14th Amendment came into being following the arguments between the Democratic and Republican parties. It also explains how today the idea that the states should be required to obey the Bill of Rights is under attack, stating that the rights of the individual are protected only so long as judges hold these rights in high esteem. The last part of the paper is the amendment itself.

Outline:
Introduction
The 14TH Amendment
Amendment XIV

From the Paper
''There wasn't much success for the opponents of slavery in the courts. The Republic in its initial years made some state decision which held that slavery desecrated libertarian guaranties of state constitutions. However, the judiciary paid less concentration to the claims of freedom and more attention to the wants of slaveholders.
Robert Cover, in his original and thoughtful study of the antislavery cause and the judicial process, argued that even antislavery judges followed a positivist approach to constitutional law. According to Cover, they rendered decisions against fugitive slaves because of their conception of the proper role of a judge. The judge followed positive law (whether it was morally right or wrong). He was bound by the intention of the framers, in the case of a constitution, or of the legislature, in the case of a statute. He operated on neutral principles -- the values he pursued were those of others, not his own. Cover found that the judicial response to antislavery was formal and mechanical. He concluded that "given a particular juristic competence, there will be very specific consequences to and limits on the performance of judges caught in the moral-formal dilemma.

Tags:14th, Amendment

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and application of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution. The paper analyzes each amendment and describes its importance with regards to the close of the slavery era in the U.S. The paper also discusses the implications of the landmark court-case, Plessy v. Ferguson and how these amendments related to it.

Table of Contents:
The History of These Three Amendments
Why Support These Amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Who Benefited From The 13th Amendment?
Hard-Line Southerners and Their Evil Deeds
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

From the Paper
"In 1910, Arthur W. Machen wrote in the Harvard Law Review - forty years after the passage of the 15th - that this amendment has been "despised, flouted, nullified, evaded," and moreover, had never up to and through the time Machen wrote his piece, been backed by the High Court to assure the suffrage rights of black citizens. And indeed it took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to truly move the country forward into an era that the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were supposed to open the door for. Jim Crow and Southern segregation were alive and well even up into the 1960s in some Southern states, as witnessed by the fact that President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and U.S. Attorney General Bobby Kennedy had to send federal troops into Mississippi in 1962 to allow James Meredith to enter the University of Mississippi."

Tags:segregation, slavery, Plessy, v., Ferguson

Abstract
This paper examines the Georgia lawsuit, Atlanta Motel vs. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), which is about a motel restricting clientele to white customers only. The paper describes the legal battle for enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the issue that it violates the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The paper is written in legal format.

Table of Contents:
Citation
Facts
Previous Decision
Issue
Decision
Reasons

From the Paper
"Reasons for the Lawsuit:
The appellant is the owner of a large motel (Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc.) in Atlanta, Georgia who restricts his clientele to white people, 75% of whom are inter-state travelers. He has filed a suit to perpetuate his policy of refusing rooms to Negroes. The defendants or appellees are the United States et al."

Tags:legal, lawsuit, georgia, white, people, black, negroes, negroe13th, fifth, 5th, amendment, constitution, civil, rights, act, 1964, equal, protection, clause, 14th, amendment

Abstract
The paper describes the case which ended with the Supreme Court's decision that the segregation of students on the basis of race violates the 14th Amendment. The paper goes on to discuss how with this decision, the Civil Rights movement abandoned its previous allowance of the idea of separate-but-equal and began taking a more proactive approach to garnering equal rights for blacks. The paper points out that this was the first time in American history that a court ruling had such a large-scale and controversial impact upon the country; it not only set a precedent regarding the segregation of races, it set a precedent regarding how American domestic policy gets decided. The paper asserts that this was not only important for blacks but also for Asian-Americans, women, and later Latinos and Middle Easterners.

From the Paper
"Then in 1951 in Topeka, Kansas, a man named Oliver Brown tried to enroll his black daughter, Linda Brown, into an all-white school. Only a third-grader, the girl was forced "to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away" (Cozzens, "Brown"). The girl was denied acceptance and together with the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), Brown filed suit against the Board of Education. A number of other African Americans joined in the lawsuit, two-hundred all told, but the attorneys representing the case decided to use Oliver Brown to head the list of plaintiffs as a legal strategy.
"The case first went to the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, where the defendant argued that segregating children in their school-age years merely helped to prepare them for the harsh realities of the world - i.e. the segregation they would have to deal with in adulthood. While conceding that segregating schools does have a negative impact upon colored children, the U. S. District Court decided that since the Supreme Court had thus far done nothing to negate the precedent set forth by Plessy v. Ferguson, it would be unlawful to rule against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Thus, Oliver Brown and the NAACP lost their case."

Tags:racism, civil, rights, segregation, 14th, Amendment

Abstract
This paper reviews the case of "Grutter versus Bollinger" that tested the subject of race conscious admission policies for public universities. The paper places the presentation of majority and minority opinions of the court in the historical context of the Fourteenth Amendment and previous Supreme Court rulings. The majority opinion is presented as well as the contrasting minority disagreement. The paper shows how the court did find that race conscious admission polices were of a compelling governmental interest and the policies of the University of Michigan Law School did not violate the constitution.

Tags:admission policies, race, 14th amendment

Abstract
There is much conflict over the issue of privacy in the US government today. Though much of the conflict revolves around the right to an abortion without parental or spousal notification, the right certainly applies to other aspects, like the Patriot Act and Civil Rights movement, in the lives of its constituents. Through the use of various amendments, cases and other resources, this essay examines these aspects and proves that a right to privacy exists in the Constitution, although not stated explicitly, and argues for the Supreme Court authority to undermine the Congress.

From the Paper
"The right against unsanctioned intrusion of the government in the lives of its constituents is a fundamental, unalienable right of human beings to privacy. However, governments often create law enforcement agencies specifically designed to override this right in order to maintain security within the country. Civil rights libertarians strongly criticize such intervention, arguing, with proof, that such designs allow governments to become repressive regimes and prosecute people for political dissent. The issue does not concern whether a right to privacy is important, which it undoubtedly is, but whether the Supreme Court has been granted enough authority by the US Constitution to enforce this right."

Tags:government, republicans, spying, penumbra, doctrine, 14th, Amendment